Marsh supermarket Example

Essays on Marsh supermarket Case Study and Marsh supermarket The Marsh Supermarkets is one of the biggest chain stores on the United States of America and even the entire world. The chain store operates more than one hundred and seventeen supermarkets. The major problem that the Marsh Supermarkets is facing is the increasing rate of fall or deterioration in sales. This has been attributed to a number of factors, but the major one is due to shifts in consumer behavior. The shifts in the behavior of consumers was largely caused by the recessions or financial crisis that hit the world, and more so the economy of the United States of America, which had substantial effects of the incomes of many individuals. Another thing that to some great extent led to reduced sales was stiff competition from the rival corporations such as the Wal-Mart and Kroger. Consequently, the company decided to carry out a study to fond out exactly the kind of goods or items that were performing badly in the market, and to what extent it had gone. The research that was conducted by the company was also aimed at trying to find out the possible solutions to the crisis or problems that is was facing. The study lasted for a period of sixty five days, and the UPC scanners that were fitted in all the test stores recorded sales of seventeen thousand, two hundred and twenty six different SKUs in one hundred and twenty key product categories (Don 6). The research operations department of the company recorded all the costs, which included store transportation and warehouse, inventory, occupancy and labor. The calculation of DPC was one of the most difficult procedures in the study. Nonetheless, we find that the items that appeared to record the highest DPCs were perishable or fragile merchandise, slow-moving goods, and labor intensive departments and products. For instance, charcoal scored a high of $0.37 DPC per unit, while the disposable diapers scored a low of $0.70 DPC per unit (Don 6). Some categories such as cosmetics and alcoholic beverages had poor scores of sales-per-foot, at $7.45 as well as $0.69 respectively. Whereas the average sales per client scores a low of $12.51, the results indicate that they actually spent the most per item, which stood at $2.50 and purchased a disproportionate share of items of high profits such as milk and commercial bread. The research had gone for a period of nearly one and quarter years to get completed and had captured about 98 million dollars in sales (Don 9). From the study carried out by the company and the results obtained, we find that they give a clear guideline for what should be done to save the situation. From the steady depreciation of falls after analyzing the behavior of consumers, I believe it is important for the company to embark on aggressive promotion and advertisement. The company should create awareness of its items, accompanied by their respective prices so that the consumers can be able know where to find them as well as compare them with competitors. Work cited Don E. Marsh Supermarkets, Inc. (A): The Marsh Super Study, 1995. Print.

Empirical part is meant to present the author’s research...

Empirical part is meant to present the author’s research on the thesis topic and make a step by step analysis of it. This part includes the description of the actu-al questionnaire conducted in case company Spain Internship SC, its analysis and relevant results. The idea is to analyse the situation of customer relation-ship management in the company and understand which role plays company’s website in CRM performance. By this means, the author’s intention is to be able to give an answer to research questions number three and four: iii. Does a recruitment agency use its website as a tool for managing customer relationships? iv. How can a recruitment agency manage effectively relationships with its cus-tomers via website basing on trust and†¦show more content†¦Europe Internship and Italy Internship are meant to be an extension of Spain Internship and offer student more internship possibilities outside of Spain, also their goal is to promote the Spain Inte rnship brand. In this survey the author makes the emphasis only in Spain Internships because of the placement done there and more knowledge about the process and brand’s orientations. Participants of this survey are highly dedicated to work with clients and part-ners. They are in charge of relationships with customers and promotion of the company. That is why the target survey group is relatively small. Other compa-ny’s members are interns and most likely do not fully familiar with the Span Internship website and CRM from the professional point of view. 4.2 Analysis of the research As qualitative research is applied in this thesis work, the author’s idea is to analyse each answer of the questionnaire in order to be able to answer research questions and get the final result of the study. First of all, the questionnaire suggests to each participant give his/her opinion about customer relationship management of the company. Five out of six participants gave their answer to this question and all views had converged to one common extent: Spain Internship needs to make changes in its customer relationship management in order to achieve effectiveness and security of services and improve customer satisfaction. AllShow MoreRelatedCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 PagesEuropean airline industry over the last twenty years? Case studies: SAS Airline Ryanair Master Thesis in Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Business Contexts Spring 2007 Supervisor: Hà ¥kan Bohman Entrepreneurship Master Program Authors:
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Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets. Answer: Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets According to Frederic (2013), analyzing factors that affect business performance before making the decision to expand to a foreign market is always fundamental. For Andoni Goicochea to make proper decision concerning whether to expand to Ciudada de panama or Guatemala City, he should have sufficient information concerning the opportunities presented by the two regions. Comparing the two countries, Guatemala presents more opportunities than Panama because the country has a fast growing population with high demand for burger bar and other fast food products. Christopher (2013) affirms that high demand is a great opportunity for business growth because it makes products to keep moving. Over the years, the culture of consuming burger bar in this country has been emerging, with most people especially the youth viewing burger bars as important commodity that should be used for various reasons. Although both countries are stable democracies, Guatemala is more suitable for this business because its government provides direct support to foreign investors (Frederic, 2013). This implies that because this is a foreign business that attempts to expand to this market, the chances of experiencing negative government influence are minimal. Comparing the two countries, Guatemala has a GDP growth rate that is more favorable than that of panama. According to Thi (2010), positive economic condition plays a key role in business growth because it determines the level of consumer spending and also the cost of products. This means that expanding this business to Guatemala will provide more chances of success than in panama because consumers in this country will have a lot of disposable income which will make them to purchase burger bars from time to time. The other factor that makes it suitable to expand this business to Guatemala is that in this country, competition is considerably low as compared to Panama. According to Nelson (2011), in Panama, there are many small, medium and big businesses dealing with similar product. In contrast, Guatemala does not have as many businesses dealing with this product as Panama and therefore means there are opportunities to explore. Although some well established firms dealing with similar product exist in Guatemala, the rate of population growth in this country makes them insufficient to meet the demand and therefore there is need for more businesses to be established. Being a new venture in a foreign country, this business may take long to thrive in Panama because firms have already grabbed their market shares and royal customers. This implies that Andoni should think of expanding this business to Guatemala because with the growing demand for this product, there is a possibility that he will real ize great success. Considering the business model, this business will realize high revenues in Guatemala than in panama because Guatemalans like getting value for their money. Because the business concentrates on high quality product, consumers in this country will be willing to purchase burger bars from this firm because they relate quality to prices (Frederic, 2013). There is a possibility that introducing this model in Guatemala will make the business to sell its products at premium prices and realize high purchase rate because one of the characteristics of Guatemalans is that they are always willing to spend high for quality products. References Christopher, C. J. (2016). Entrepreneurial Strategies for Emerging Markets. Journal of Business Strategies, 33(1), 154-168. Frederic, S. (2013). Local and Systemic Entrepreneurship: Solving the Puzzle of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 37(2), 145-165. Nelson, T. P. (2011). Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: Strategies for New Venture Creation in Uncertain Institutional Contexts. Management International Review, 51(1), 56-78. Thi, P. K. (2010). Closing Doors and Opening Windows: Opportunities for Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Asian Country for a Seasoned Woman Professional. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 14(51), 56-85

The Moral Implications of The Pardoners Tale an Essay Example For Students

The Moral Implications of The Pardoners Tale an Essay d The Nuns Priests TDuring the Middle Ages, England was a nation in social chaos. Deception of every kind was rampart throughout the lands. Many people felt that there was a great need for moral improvement in society. In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales he clearly brings to light his thoughts and concerns of ethical cleansing. No tale more fully expresses this idea than that of The Pardoners Tale and The Nuns Priests Tale. The Pardoners Tale suggests a profile of the Pardoner as a moral man, a man of God. The narrator is viewed as a wise, gentle, and truthful man who wants to share his story in a respectful tone. His story reveals his message, which is that greed leads to destruction and the corruption of all things good. The Pardoner appears to have beliefs that are consistent with the moral of the story. As he describes the journey of the three riders, he recognizes the evils of being greedy. For it was utterly the mans intent/ To kill them both and never to repent(255). He is perceived as a holy man who values truth and honesty. His tale describes the downfall in mans pride and arrogance. This is demonstrated through the irony of the three riders as they seek Death, whom they find when they plot against each other for selfish reasons and kill one another. They fell on him and slew him, two to oneHe took a bottle full of poison up/ And drank and his companion drank from it also and they both perished (256). The Pardoners prologue, however, reveals a man dedicated not to God and church, but rather, to the ruthless exploitation of the masses. Told in the form of a confession, the Pardoner reveals his method of preaching and manipulating his audience. That tricks been worth a hundred marks a year/ Since I became a Pardoner, never fearAnd tell a hundred lying mockeries more(242). The epilogue of The Pardoners Tale provides a final view of the teller, who is not concerned with truth or morality. Is there any good at all in the Pardoner? Even though the Pard oner provides his services because of his greed, he knows intuitively that all those around him require spiritual and moral guidance. He is able to turn the villagers he dupes away from their greedy ways by telling them a story of death and destruction. We will write a custom essay on The Moral Implications of The Pardoners Tale an specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Nuns Priests Tale primarily revolves around Chanticleers dream. However, the importance of the story was not in the dream but rather in his actual encounter with the fox. Chanticleer notices the fox while watching a butterfly, and the fox confronts him with dissimulating courtesy, telling the rooster not to be afraid. Sir! Wither so fast away? / Are you afraid of me, that I am your friend? (227). As a way to trap Chanticleer the fox praises him on his magnificent voice. Truly I came to do no other thing/ Than just to lie and listen to you sing. / You have as merry a voice as God has given/ To any angel in the courts of Heaven (227). Chanticleer relishes the foxs flattery of his singing. He beats his wings with pride, stands on his toes, stretches his neck, closes his eyes, and crows loudly. The fox reaches out and grabs Chanticleer by the throat, and then slinks away with him back toward the woods. Fortunately for Chanticleer the response to his disappearance was rather immediate . The dogs follow, and pretty soon the whole barnyard joins in the chase. Chanticleer very cleverly suggests that the fox turn and boast to his pursuers. The fox opens his mouth to do so, and Chanticleer flies out of the foxs mouth and into a high tree. The fox tries to flatter the bird into returning to the ground, however, Chanticleer has learned his lesson. He tells the fox that flattery will no longer work for him. The priest even says it himself to his listeners, Lo, such it is to be on your guard against the flatterers of the world(231). This story served not only to provide a moral but also a warning to the people that there is a Chanticleer and a fox in all of us. Thus we must be weary of deception everywhere we go. The priest preaches moral cleanliness in a subtler manner than the Pardoner does nonetheless he does so. .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 , .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .postImageUrl , .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 , .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:hover , .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:visited , .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:active { border:0!important; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:active , .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305 .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78f4dc9373fbe2c542d6505498db6305:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: There Was A Man Named Josiah Franklin. He Owned A Candle And Soap Shop EssayThe Middle Ages was a time when greed and deception reigned supreme. Many intellectuals felt that society, as a whole, needed some sort of moral enlightenment. One of those people was Chaucer who expresses his ideas through The Canterbury Tales. The Pardoners Tale as corrupt and exploiting as it was managed to express a clear moral message that greed can lead to destruction. In The Nuns Priests Tale Chaucer shows how sycophants used laudatory words to persuade or trick people into complying with their wants and desires.

Current Financial Market Events and their Implications

Current Financial Market Events and their Implications Event one The recent global financial crisis has dealt a heavy blow on the American International Group, leading to loss of mortgage-backed securities. Following this loss, AIG has filed a suit against Bank of America in a bid to recover over $ 10 billion USD (Story and Morgenson 2011).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Current Financial Market Events and their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More AIG maintains that Bank of America, along with its Countrywide Financial units and Merrily Lynch sold to investors misrepresented mortgages that had been placed as securities. AIG is blaming banks for this historic loss and maintains that it was misled into purchasing risky securities while the property market was still faced with a housing boom. Other large financial institutions that IAG plans to sue on similar grounds include JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, and Deutche Bank. The US Justice Department has also receiv ed a number of credit crisis cases but because none has yet been prosecuted, consumers and investors are now apportioning blame on financial institutions for the loss (Story and Morgenson 2011). Nonetheless, the Justice Department is pushing for the prosecution of these cases, albeit at a slow pace. For example, a former chairman of Taylor, Bean Whitaker, a mortgage company, has been handed a jail sentence. Requests by investors and consumers for the Justice Department to hold investment banks accountable for the losses occasioned by the global financial crisis are being weighed in by State attorney-general. These cases mainly involve foreclosures and mortgage servicing. This is despite the fact that the government is yet to start following up on the most fundamental of these practices. Event Two President Obama is pushing a strategy to create more jobs and at the same time, ensure larger long-term deficit cuts. The proposed tax cuts are aimed at combating long-term unemployment. T herefore, new spending on the construction industry is anticipated, as well as extending tax cuts to firms hiring workers. The president is also proposing for a new deficit reduction (Calmes 2011). These moves are aimed at stimulating economic growth by encouraging consumers to spend and businesses to hire. However, the Republicans are opposed to additional stimulus proposal, blaming President Obama for lacking a detailed debt-reduction plan. They are also opposed to higher tax revenue.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pledge by the central bank to maintain interest rates at a near zero for a minimum period of two years has received opposition from two policymakers with the US Federal Reserve. They argue that such a move is an indication that the government intends to support the stock market. The decision to reduce interest rates up to mid-2013 has also be en criticized, with opponents terming the policy as inappropriate. Event Three A strong Australian dollar in 2011 has resulted in low domestic travel and this has prompted Wotif.com, an Australian based online travel company to consider expanding its business to the Asian market. In 2009, domestic leisure travel business, which also happens to be Wotif.com’s core business, was stronger because the Australian dollar was getting weaker against the major currencies (LaFrenz 2011, p. 39). Now, a lot of Australians are opting for overseas trips, at the expense of domestic travel. This has helped to strengthen the international accommodation booking. Wotif.com has enjoyed tremendous growth since 2006, when the company was listed on the ASE (Australian Securities Exchange). However, in 2011, its growth slowed significantly. As part of its growth strategy, the company has focused on the Asian market with the adoption of novel-phone-based initiatives, a move that the company sees as h elping to facilitate its growth (LaFrenz 2011, p. 39). Already, the company does 15 percent of its bookings in Asia. Besides mobile bookings, the company also plans to enter into joint ventures with a number of travel firms in Asia in order to get a share of the expanding domestic travel market. The Asian local market boasts of a growing middle class who are not only eager to travel, but also have more disposable income. Event Four In the second quarter of 2011, the US economic expansion was below what had been forecasted, and this is a pointer to the weakness of the economy. This has forced the Federal Reserve to revise its growth forecast downwards (Willis 2011, p. 56). Between April and June, the GDP of the US is estimated to have increased at an average rate of 1 percent per annum. The previous estimates had been pegged at 1.3 percent. At the same time, the month of August recorded the lowest level of consumer sentiments since November 2008, in the face of political wrangling an d financial-market turmoil regarding the budget deficit (Willis 2011, p. 56). The country’s GDP stands at USD 13.26 trillion, and it is still below its peak before the recession.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Current Financial Market Events and their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a lighter note, there has been an upward revision of salaries and wages, thereby revealing the highest gain in over 4 years. At the same time, corporate profits have grown. Following the recent downgrading of US debt by S P amid concerns of a default in the euro-zone, coupled with deficit-cut measures, economists have been forced to reduce growth forecasts. Analysis The fact that the Justice Department has been slow to prosecute the culprits who initiated the recent global financial crisis has only acted to reduce investor and consumer confidence. As a result, the economy has been growing at a slower rate t han anticipated, and this has prompted the Federal Reserve Bank to revise the country’s growth rate downwards. When the economy fails to attain the predicted rate of growth, this results in low consumer sentiments. When consumers are less optimistic about the economic growth rate, their spending and saving rates are likely to decrease (Colin 2008, para. 3). Stimulus packages are therefore a way of stimulating the economy when faced with slow growth. Other measures that a government can institute to deal with a sow rate of economic growth are to impose tax cuts and facilitate temporary spending. Economists suggest that such moves add to deficits initially. In the long-term though, these measures could lower costs for safety-net programs, increase tax collections and in the end, maintain smaller deficits than would be the case with lowering unemployment and spurring growth (Cooper 2008, p. 208). Stimulus spending is supported by the Keynesian economic theory which states that w hen the government seeks to spend a huge chunk of borrowed money, this helps to boost the economy (Davidson 2009 p.18). Economic historians have maintained that the US made it through the Great Depression thanks to Keynesian-style spending. Besides stimulating the economy, there is the need also to ensure that we reduce deficits especially when faced with shrinking revenues. A stimulus package pumps money into the economy albeit temporarily, thus encouraging consumer spending. Businesses are also encouraged to hire more employees. Otherwise, businesses may be forced to consider relocating their business to other economies that have not borne the full consequence of a global economic crisis. This is the case with Wotif.com, when it decided to venture into the Asian market when domestic travel in Australia was no longer attractive to help the company maintain its hitherto spectacular growth.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Calmes, J., 2011. Obama to push for jobs, tax cuts. The New York Times, Web. Colin, B., 2008. Consumer confidence- global monitor of consumer sentiment index reports and country update on consumer confidence changes. Marshal Place  Associates, Web. Cooper, G., 2008. The origin of financial crises: central banks, credit bubbles and the  efficient market fallacy. Petersfield, Hampshire, U.K.: Harriman House. Davidson, P., 2009. The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity. London: Palgrave=McMillan. LaFrenz, C., 2011. Dollar drives wotif.com’s Asia focus. The Australian Financial  Review, 11 August. p. 39. Story, L., Morgenson, G., 2011. AIG sues bank for GFC losses. The New  York Times, Web. Willis, B., 2011. US growth forecast revised down. The Australian Financial Times, 9 August 2011. p. 56.

Washington Irving

Washington Irving Washington Irving was the first American to make a living as an author and during his prolific career in the early 1800s he created celebrated characters such as Rip Van Winkle and Ichabod Crane. His youthful satirical writings popularized two terms still closely associated with New York City, Gotham and Knickerbocker. Irving also contributed something to holiday traditions, as his conception of a saintly character with a flying sleigh delivering toys to children at Christmas evolved into our modern depictions of Santa Claus. Early Life of Washington Irving Washington Irving was born April 3, 1783 in lower Manhattan, during the week that New York City residents heard of the British ceasefire in Virginia that effectively ended the Revolutionary War. To pay tribute to the great hero of the time, General George Washington, Irvings parents named their eighth child in his honor. When George Washington took the oath of office as the first American president at Federal Hall in New York City, six-year-old Washington Irving stood among the thousands of people celebrating in the streets. A few months later he was introduced to President Washington, who was shopping in lower Manhattan. For the rest of his life Irving told the story of how the president patted him on the head. While attending school, young Washington was believed to be slow-witted, and one teacher labeled him a dunce. He did, however, learn to read and write, and became obsessed with telling stories. Some of his brothers attended Columbia College, yet Washingtons formal education ended at the age of 16. He became apprenticed to a law office, which was a typical route to becoming a lawyer in the era before law schools were common. Yet the aspiring writer was  far more interested in wandering about Manhattan and studying the daily life of New Yorkers than he was in the classroom. Early Political Satires Irvings older brother Peter, a physician who was actually more interested in politics than medicine, was active in the New York political machine headed by Aaron Burr. Peter Irving edited a newspaper aligned with Burr, and in November 1802 Washington Irving published his first article, a political satire signed with the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. Irving wrote a series of articles as Oldstyle over the next few months. It was common knowledge in New York circles that he was the real author of the articles, and he enjoyed the recognition. He was 19 years old. One of Washingtons older brothers, William Irving, decided that a trip to Europe might give the aspiring writer some direction, so he financed the voyage. Washington Irving left New York, bound for France, in 1804, and didnt return to America for two years. His tour of Europe broadened his mind and gave him material for later writing. Salmagundi, a Satirical Magazine After returning to New York City, Irving resumed studying to become a lawyer, but his real interest was in writing. With a friend and one of his brothers he began collaborating on a magazine that lampooned Manhattan society. The new publication was called Salmagundi, a familiar term at the time as it was a common food similar to present day chefs salad. The little magazine turned out to be shockingly popular and 20 issues appeared from early 1807 to early 1808. The humor in Salmagundi was gentle by todays standards, but 200 years ago it seemed startling and the magazines style became a sensation. One lasting contribution to American culture was that Irving, in a joking item in Salmagundi, referred to New York City as Gotham. The reference was to a British legend about a town whose residents were reputed to be crazy. New Yorkers enjoyed the joke, and Gotham became a perennial nickname for the city. Diedrich Knickerbockers A History of New York Washington Irvings first full-length book appeared in December 1809. The volume was a fanciful and often satirical history of his beloved New York City as told by an eccentric old Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker. Much of the humor in the book played upon the rift between the old Dutch settlers and the British who had supplanted them in the city. Some descendants of old Dutch families were offended. But most New Yorkers appreciated the satire and the book was successful. And while some of the local political jokes are hopelessly obscure 200 years later, much of the humor in the book is still quite charming. During the writing of A History of New York, a woman Irving intended to marry, Matilda Hoffman, died of pneumonia. Irving, who was with Matilda when she died, was crushed. He never again became seriously involved with a woman and remained unmarried. For years after the publication of A History of New York Irving wrote little. He edited a magazine, but also engaged in the practice of law, a profession which he never found very interesting. In 1815 he left New York for England, ostensibly to help his brothers stabilize their importing business after the War of 1812. He remained in Europe for the next 17 years. The Sketch Book While living in London Irving wrote his most important work, The Sketch Book, which he published under the pseudonym of Geoffrey Crayon. The book first appeared in several small volumes in American in 1819 and 1820. Much of the content in The Sketch Book dealt with British manners and customs, but the American stories are what became immortal. The book contained The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the account of schoolmaster Ichabod Crane and his otherworldly nemesis the Headless Horseman, and Rip Van Winkle, the tale of a man who awakens after sleeping for decades. The Sketch Book also contained a collection of Christmas tales which influenced the celebrations of Christmas in 19th century America. Revered Figure at his Estate on the Hudson While in Europe Irving researched and wrote a biography of Christopher Columbus along with a number of travel books. He also worked at times as a diplomat for the United States. Irving returned to America in 1832, and as a popular writer he was able to buy a picturesque estate along the Hudson near Tarrytown, New York. His early writings had established his reputation, and while he pursued other writing projects, including books on the American West, he never topped his earlier successes. When he died on  November 28, 1859 he was widely mourned. In his honor, flags were lowered in New York City as well as on ships in the harbor. The New York Tribune, the influential newspaper edited by Horace Greeley, referred to Irving as the beloved patriarch of American letters. A report on Irvings funeral in the New York Tribune on December 2, 1859, noted, The humble villagers and farmers, to whom he was so well known, were among the truest mourners who followed him to the grave. Irvings stature as a writer endured, and his influence was widely felt. His works, especially The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle are still widely read and considered classics.

Introduction To Pre-Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction To Pre-Negotiation - Essay Example According to William Zartman, a leading scholar of international negotiations, Pre-negotiation begins when one or more parties considers negotiation as a policy option and communicates this intention to other parties. It ends when the parties agree to formal negotiations, or when one party abandons the consideration of negotiation as an option. In essential terms, pre-negotiation is the span of time and activity in which the parties move from conflicting unilateral solutions for a mutual problem to a joint search for cooperative multilateral or joint solutions. It is the diagnostic phase of negotiation. (Dr. Plamen Pantev., Negotiating in the Balkans: The Pre-negotiation Perspective. National Security and the Future Volume One, Number 1, 2000). Jane Gross Stein has differentiated between the pre-negotiation and actual negotiation, 'Pre-negotiation was generally characterized by important structuring activity. It set broad boundaries, identified the participants, and, in at least half the cases, specified the agenda for negotiation. Even in those cases where it produced only a rough outline of the agenda, it nevertheless reduced uncertainty and complexity by establishing what would be kept off the table. In every case, pre-negotiation framed the problem and set the limits of the negotiation to follow. According to Brain W. ... iation includes identification of the problem, search for the feasible option, and reflect commitment towards negotiations, agreement to negotiate, and setting the parameters. (Dr. Plamen Pantev, Negotiating in the Balkans: The Pre-negotiation Perspective. National Security and the Future Volume One, Number 1, 2000). STAGES OF PRE-NEGOTIATION Irrespective of the nature of the dispute, the mediator and facilitator struggles to help the parties to reach an understanding with reference to procedural and structural questions, before the commence of formal negotiation process. This practice has several advantages as it provides the parties with sense and chance of success on the preliminary round. It is important to workout the procedural and structural questions so that the reluctant party can be understood the worth and significance of the practice and association. The objective of the pre-negotiation is to acquire the commitment of the parties to negotiate their differences and concerns. The objective is achieved by identifying the eliminating the obstacles to negotiations. There can be series of differences and obstacles which are likely to hinder the pace and prospects of pre-negotiation. The main hindrance is often that the parties fail to organize the negotiation in the required manner. There is possibility of existence of differences which is likely to turn the group unable to organize itself and present a consistent set of interests. Another obstacle is likely to be the lack of credible representative or spokesperson on the behalf of respective parties. There are likely to be many other substantial hurdles prior to the commencement of negotiation. Similarly the opening phase of the negotiation is likely to be problematic as well. Problems can be experienced

Theories of Media Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Media - Movie Review Example The only tool he has in this philosophical battlefield is his charisma and skills in clever rationalization. In actuality, the film centers on Nick's crisis of conscience as he denies the hazards, rhetoric, and moral qualms that his job involve with. Adding to the complication of the story is the presence of his son, who chooses to believe him despite the obvious facts that are tagged along with the kind of career he has. Along the way he met two people that put twist on his life, the investigative report who thinks she got Naylor by the neck for her own scheme, and win the interest of the tobacco head honcho. The movie also tackles the wondrous possibilities of having enough money to bribe certain responsible media, such as film, to advertise almost anything even hazardous element like cigarettes. It takes near to death experience and a child's welfare that convinced Naylor to oppose his expertise. Even not directly stated, but the sub message is clear that Hollywood is more influential and glamorous than the Washington, but still both cities are essentially in the same business of promoting and tolerating public influential ideas. Putting in an ugly light the moral sectors who themselves have moral issues to resolve with, and depicting the being of a person of the social antagonist. The film balances between the stand of smokers and non-smokers. Leaving to the audience the decision which argument they most likely conformed. It is the matter of choice that matters and how responsible one should be with his stand. THE AUDIENCE Joey, Nick Naylor's son, informally represents the audience of the film, putting up sympathy toward his father's job by agreeing his arguments, but still having his own mind, doubtful about cigarette smoking. And like Joey, audience able to understand that Nick is only doing his job in order "to pay his mortgage", just like anyone else working. The production targeted mature audiences because of its theme. It is an engine to capsulate the culture and business of professional argument. Informally aim for public awareness about social influence. THEORIES OF MEDIA In the movie, a certain journalist, played by Katie Holmes, has her own scheming method to penetrate the perspective of a tobacco lobbyist. A person like Nick Naylor, in his status, is a subject for media content. Like Gazeteciler stated, every angle of the hero's argument and personality is subject for news framework, it is changeable. California's Proposition 99 is a response to the neo-puritanical culture. It is the real issue ongoing sub context to the film. The aim of this form of media is to awaken the senses of the public or rather a reminder of how social influence and authoritarian responsibilities in a way audience can relate and sympathize with. Even before this film is played in cinemas, it already gains both praises and negative critiques. The content of the movie itself is controversial enough to even produce a 'gimmick' for its press release. The title could catch attention of the authority concerns, enough for them to get alarmed. That's why the press release agency effortlessly brought the advertisement of this film, but still aware that it won't be in a blockbuster list because of its sensitive theme and the fact that some genre of audiences cannot be allowed for

Child Trafficking Essay Example for Free

Child Trafficking Essay A child is a young human being who is not yet an adult. It also defines trafficking as an act of buying and selling things illegally. So, child trafficking is an inhuman act where children are being used unjustly as objects of business transaction. Boys and girls are involved but girls are mostly involved as victims. They are taken from their parents by the trafficker who with deceitful words promises the girl’s parent’s heaven and earth for instance that she will send them to school or that she has a business in abroad like a saloon where the girls can work for few months and establish theirs. Parents who are living in the villages are the ones they use to go to, because most of them are unable to afford both material and financial needs of all their children. Such parents have no alternative than giving out their child\children who maybe in their teens to the lady who pretended to be good. Despite all these government can still work on this heavily by the following: Firstly, government should declare free education in every school that is the school owned by the government maybe to the secondary school level. By so doing, parents will not have the excuse of giving out their children to someone else to take care of them. Secondly, government should see to duly paying of workers’ salaries at the end of each month and not leaving them empty handed at the end of the month because they need money to solve the problems facing them in the family and also to prevent them from exposing their children to those heartless human beings that use children illegally to make money. The last but not the least is that the parliamentary arm of government should sit together with the support of the president, make laws for children against abuse and intimidation. Also the judiciary arm should be strict in punishing anybody found exhibiting the act of child trafficking

Corporation Tax and the Harberger General Equilibrium Model Essay

A corporation can be defined as firstly having limited liability, where its owners, the shareholders, are not required to use their personal assets to pay the debts of a failed company; thus the owners and the corporation are separate legal entities. Secondly a corporation has delegated management where the decisions of how the company is run, are left to the managers whom are separate from the owners. Finally the owners of the corporation can easily transfer their share of ownership through the exchanges in the financial markets. The tax on a company’s profits which is the difference between the company’s gross income and its business costs is thus called the corporation tax. Now it may appear that as the tax is on the profits of the company and so the company must pay the tax, however there are many individuals such as the employees, consumers and owners on whom the corporation tax can be passed on too. I will look at the Harberger general equilibrium model, which analyses the incidence of the corporation tax by splitting the US economy into two sectors, the corporate and the non-corporate, which produce goods X and Y respectively. There are several assumptions made in the model which are that there is full employment, and after the tax, if initial prices continue to prevail, then government would just counterbalance the reduction in private expenditure on the two goods. There is also free mobility of factors across sectors, competitive markets and constant returns to scale, as well as a closed economy and free mobility of factors across sectors. It is also assumed that the redistribution of income among consumers will not change the patterns of demand. The analysis by Harberger shows that there are several variables wh... ...us allows for the corporate returns to recover to a point of equilibrium in the long run where the returns in the two industries are at a lower but equal rate. If the results of Harbenger are to be believed, where owners of capital bear the full or close to the full burden of the tax, then there should be cause for concern for countries implementing high levels of corporation tax. This is because there is a global trend for increasingly higher levels of capital mobility. Therefore, owners of capital would be able to somewhat avoid the tax burden by avoiding countries with high capital tax rates, and thus restricting the flow of capital to those countries. However, given the large number of variables which need to be taken into account when determining the incidence of the corporate tax it is still not completely clear who bears the incidence of the corporate tax.

Concept of Management Audit

The Concept of Management Audit The management audit is more recent concept. It focuses on results, evaluating the effectiveness and suitability of controls by challenging underlying rules, procedures and methods. Management audits, which are generally performed internally, are compliance audits plus cause-and-effect analysis. Management audit requires some additional work. It is a systematic technique of evaluating the operation and effectiveness of the management of a firm.This audit is conducted by an independent auditor or auditing firm, who are experts in auditing. This is done yearly or periodically. The audit team collects as many facts and information from office records and personal interviews with the personnel of the firm. The team also collects data through questionnaires distributed among the personnel and customers and/or clients of the firm. The team shall submit recommendations to the management for future actions.Management may use these recommendations for controlli ng the performance and accomplishments of the firm. According to Ferlyn L. Suvillaga â€Å"it is a systematic assessment of methods and policies of an organization’s management in the administration and the use of resources and other more. † From the response of Loria Lyn M. Fernandez â€Å"management audit is audit itself but instead of in accounts, it deals with the management. As explained by Rancy Mendoza â€Å"it is the process of determining the individual or group performance in an organization or business. † Based on the statement of Ivey Anne Muncada â€Å"it is a systematic assessment of company’s organizational policies and administration. † After reading a very reliable references, the researcher finally realized that management audit is very important, whether to organization, company or firm. It also requires some additional work because without work we cannot perform such management audit.

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 0 Background Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a type of devices that can be used as a DC motor speed controller or light dimmer. PWM is used extensively for speed controller where power-saving application is needed. This device has been used as a motor speed control for small DC fans, for example in computer power supplies. A PWM circuits works by creating a square wave with a variable on-to-off ratio, the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 duty cycle.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of ‘on' time to the regular interval or ‘period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. From this, a variable amount of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When the switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no vol tage drop across the switch.Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. Additional advantage of PWM is that the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistance easily. 1. 1 Objectives The objectives of this project are: 1.To develop the actual circuit of the PWM. 2. To simulate the PWM circuit in simulation software. 3. To use the PWM in order to control the speed of the DC motor. 1. 2 Methodology Start Title consideration, ideas Supervisor approval Components specifications and data sheets Proposal Drafting Proposal Evaluation Project Simulation Project Presentation Progress Report Submission END Figure 1. 2. 1 Flowchart of Methodology 1. 3 Gantt Chart 1. 3. 1 Final Year Project 1 | WEEKS|ACTIVITY| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 1 2| 13| 14| 1| Student-supervisor-panel allocation, briefing about FYP, introductions|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 2| Student-supervisor meeting arrange time, finding ideas discuss ideas, project titles|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 3| Student-supervisor regular meeting|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 4| Proposal preparation|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 5| Proposal evaluation, meet supervisor for evaluation, things to be improved|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 6| Proposal correction correct any mistakes|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 7| Project Development choose circuit, check availability simulation|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 8| Proposal and progress presentation|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 9| Progress report writing is based on progress|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 10| Progress report submission submit report|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 1. 3. 2 Final Year Project 2 Week| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| Tasks| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Buy Components |   |   |   |   | | | | | | | | | | | Construct circuiton breadboard | | |   |   |   | | | | | | | | | | Troubleshoot| | |   |   |   | |   |   | | | | | | | PCB Layout Design| | | | | |   | | |   | | | | | | PCB Layout Print| | | | | | | | | |   |   | | | | Soldering| | | | | |   |   |   | | | | | | | Final Report| | | | | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Final Presentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. 3. 2. 1 Aims for Final Year Project 2 1. Prepare the actual circuit diagram 2. Building and programming the PCB circuit diagram 3.Drilling the PCB and soldering the components 4. Testing the PWM circuit 5. Troubleshoot 1. 3. 2. 2 Project planning for Final Year Project 2 For the final year project 2, we have to prepare the actual circuit based on our simulation result. We will create the PCB artwork with PCB programming such as ExpressPCB, which is available for free and is surprisingly functional. Next, we have to print out the PCB artwork on a transparency. Then we cut out the printed portion of the artwork. This will define the size and shape of the PCB.To make PCBs, we can use the UV exposure method, which is only slightly more difficult than and significantly more precise than the toner transfer method. To start out, we must cut the PCB to be the same size as the outline of the PCB positive. First, we drew a rectangle the same dimensions of the PCB on the protective layer of UV Reactiv e copper covered ibreglass board, and then cut it out using a Dremel tool equipped with a diamond wheel. We have to make sure that once we have removed the board from its protective package it will not be exposed to any UV.Fluorescent and halogen lights both output enough UV light that they will expose the board through the protective layer of plastic. Next, after we cut the UV sensitive PCB to size, we are ready to expose the board. Then we remove the protective layer to size, from the PCB right before we place the positive on it, or else dust particles will attach to the board, which will mark the final PCB. To expose the PCB, first remove the protective layer, place the positive transparency on top of the board, and place it in the UV exposure box. An exposure time of 10-11 minutes is recommended.Now we need to drill holes in the PCB for the through-hole components. Finally, we have to solder all the components through-hole components. If the final result is not achieved when tes ting the final circuit, we have to run troubleshooting and find out the problem. Then, we solved the problem based on the troubleshooting after we identify the real problem. Chapter 2 Circuit Design and Operation 2. 1 Schematic diagram Figure 2. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) To Control DC Motor Speed. 2. 2 Circuit operation 2. 2. 1 Flow Chart and Description Input Signal DC wave) ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Square wave) LM311 Comparator Potentiometer ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Modulated Square wave) IRF 521 DC Motor Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 Circuit Operation Flowchart The input signal is fed into first half of IC NE556. The IC NE556 will generate square wave. The wave will then go to the second half of IC NE556 and been modulated. Potentiometer will control the second half IC to produce the desired output. A modulated square will be generated from the second IC. This wave of current will be amplified by IRF521 and then went to the motor and spin it.The DC motor speed will depends on the magnitude of the current. Chapter 3 Project Progress 3. 0 The Project Progress and the Project Outcomes The first stage of the progress is building the circuit for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit. Then, the best circuit diagram is chosen for our project. A preliminary literature review about our circuit had also been done. In this project, two of the LM556, Dual 556 Timer TTL IC were used to simulate the PWM circuit. The first IC allowed the possibility to generate square wave while the second IC allow modulation variation.Other than that, several problems were encountered when simulating some part of the circuit. This is due to incomplete library component of the simulation software such as the lack of LM556 IC in the first place. This was because the wrong type of licence of the software was selected. After a few trials and some changes of the circuit diagram for simulation, and with the right licence for the software, the PWM circuit was successfully simulated. Figure 1. 1 Expected DC square wave (output) Results Input Signal of 1st half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556Calculation from theory: Thigh= 0. 7(RA+RC)C Thigh= 0. 7(1M+1K) (0. 05 µ) = 0. 035s/35ms Tlow= 0. 7 RB C Tlow= 0. 7 (1K) (0. 05 µ) = 3. 5Ãâ€"10-5s/ 0. 035 ms Values from simulation: Thigh= 38ms Tlow= 42  µs/ 0. 042 m Input Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half IC NE556 (A=0%, B=0%) (A=0%, B=10%) (A=0%, B=50%) (A=0% B=100%) Calculation from theory: Thigh= 1. 1 RA C Rated Current From Simulation (A=0%, B=0%)I=45. 842mA(A=0%, B=10%)I=132. 953mA (A=0%, B=50%)I=406. 541mA(A=0% B=100%)I=4. 121A Table of Motor Speed Slow| Speed| Fast| 0%| Value of Potentiometer B| 100%| 0. 2077ms| T high (ON time)| 7. l79ms| 132. 95mA| Rated Current| 4. 121A| 12V| Rated Voltage (Constant)| 12V| Since voltage is constant, the higher the current supplied, the faster the motor would spin. Chapter 4 4. 0 The Problems Encountered CASE 1 – FIND ING SUITABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARE The PWM circuit uses two of LM556 IC. The first LM556 will convert DC input signal into square wave. Before doing the hardware of the project, the software need to be simulated first to check whether the circuit diagram is correct or need some adjustment.Because of this, finding the suitable simulation software had become a problem encounter to finish the project. List below show example name of other simulation software that can be used to run any the software simulation for the project; 1. TINA 2. OrCAD Capture 3. PROTEUS All of the other simulation software above can be use to run the simulation for this project but some of them were not suitable. As an example the TINA software were not used because of the unfamiliarity and the complexity of the software.The project also cannot be simulated using the OrCAD Capture since there were a large number of library which does not have simulation installed. This make it unsuitable since this project requir ed to be simulated. Meanwhile PROTEUS software was not used because of the difficult interface that complicate the user or in other words not user-friendly. CASE 2 – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE After MULTISIM had been installed, a situation was encountered where the library components are not complete or some of the components are not available.If this problem prolonged, the circuit cannot be designed in the software. Some measures had been taken to find the solution but the problems still persist. There are some types of licence that accompanied for MULTISIM, which are: 1Power PRO Edition 2Full Edition 3Student Edition 4Education PKG Edition 5Base Edition At first, the Full Edition licence was installed. When the circuit was being designed, a lot of components were unavailable. Every aspect of the software was checked, but no problem related to the software was detected. The MULTISIM software was cleanly installed in the computer. . 1 Solutions for Every Problem CAS E 1 SOLUTION – USE MULTISIM SOFTWARE The simulation can be done by using simulation programmed like TINA, Proteus, or OrCAD Capture. Unfortunately, all of these simulation programmed mentioned above have problems as explained before. Without a proper simulation, it is hard to detect any problems that exist in the design of the circuit. Finally, MULTISIM is chosen as the simulation program. MULTISIM was suitable for simulation of the Pulse Width Modulation circuit. MULTISIM has all the required components in its component library.Hence, all the components can be place in the circuit to complete it. Simulation can be done easily by using MULTISIM. All the results being cleared by using this programmed. Expected results are the PWM wave which will control the motor. CASE 2 SOLUTION – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE This problem was easily encountered by reinstalling licence of the right type. In this case, PowerPro Edition licence type was required. After it has been reinstalled, all the components are unlocked. Hence, the process of designing the circuit in the simulation software continued, and simulation process succeed.Chapter 5 Conclusion For this semester, the project progress was successful until the simulation. Hence, the simulation needs to be done correctly according to the circuit so that expected result can be obtained. The circuit diagram for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed has been successfully designed. Thus, the first objective has been achieved. The progress of the project works efficiently if the project followed accordingly to the Gantt chart made at the beginning of the project. The Gantt chart contains all the important steps that need to be followed in rder to finish the project successfully. All the steps in the Gantt chart been mentioned with respective date. Hence, there should be no problem during Final Year Project 1 when all works were being done according directly to the Gantt chart. The simulation for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed had been done by using simulation program, MULTISIM. MULTISIM provides all the necessary components to complete the simulation for the PWM circuit. Since the output should be a DC motor or a DC fan, it was replaced with Oscilloscope or Multimeter to observe the changes that occur in the simulation.This shows that choosing MULTISIM is the smart choice to run the simulation because of the advantages and the ease of use that this simulation program has. REFERENCES 1. Motor Speed Controller, retrieved from http://homepages. which. net/~paul. hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody. html 2. 4QD-TEC: Electronics Circuits Reference Archive : PWM speed control, retrieved from http://www. 4qdtec. com/pwm-01. html 3. PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer, retrieved from http://www. solorb. com/elect/solarcirc/pwm1/ 4. PWM DC Motor Controller, retrieved from http://picprojects. org. uk/projects/ppc/index. htm

Problem with the Pledge essays

Problem with the Pledge essays The Pledge of Allegiance is spoken daily in many schools throughout the United States. During the last several years this fact has become a source of contempt for many parents, who do not promote a particular religious belief in their homes. Reciting wording specific to a particular set of religious beliefs has recently caused some problems concerning constitutional validity, the ideals of our founding fathers, and even the basic reasons for the pledge to exist, however there is a simple solution, that could satisfy all Americans, whether they question the wording under God, or not. The words first known as the pledge of allegiance are now simply a base for the current pledge. This base was first published in honor of the 400th anniversary of Columbus Day. In the fall of 1892 children began to recite the unperfected version of the recitation that is now familiar to all Americans. There was no mention of God; in fact God was not mentioned through several revisions. After fifteen failed attempts by Congress to change the wording, during the Cold War Dwight Eisenhower attended a sermon given by Reverend George Docherty. Reverend Docherty belittled the Pledge of that time saying it could be the pledge of any republic (). The president agreed with Reverend Dochertys sentiments and three days later a bill was proposed. Five months later the words under God were added in a joint session of the House and Senate. The underlying currents of anti-communism and anti-atheistic were present during the speech when President Eisenhower said that We shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war (). Pope John Paul II stated after the last change that the pledge had become a patriotic oath and public prayer. The words under God were put in specifically to make clear the American stand...

Learn How to Conjugate Quitter (to Leave) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Quitter (to Leave) in French You might think that the verb  quitter  means to quit in French and you would be partially right. This verb can also mean to leave, to go, or to give up. Its a very useful word that covers many situations, so adding it to your French vocabulary is a good idea. The catch is that to use  quitter  in proper French grammar, you need to learn its conjugations. While that may seem scary to some students, this one is relatively easy and well give you the essentials you need. The Basic Conjugations of  Quitter   Among all the French verb conjugations,  quitter  falls into the largest category. These are the  regular -er verbs  and you can apply anything you learned while studying others of this sort to form the conjugations of  quitter. With any conjugation, begin by finding the verbs radical (or stem). For  quitter, that is  quitt-. You will then add the appropriate ending that matches both the subject pronoun and the tense you want to use it in. For example,  I am quitting is  je quitte  and we will leave is  nous quittions. Practice these anytime you see someone leave or quit anything for a few days and theyll be easier to remember. Present Future Imperfect je quitte quitterai quittais tu quittes quitteras quittais il quitte quittera quittait nous quittons quitterons quittions vous quittez quitterez quittiez ils quittent quitteront quittaient The Present Participle of  Quitter As with most regular verbs, the present participle is formed by simply adding -ant to the radical. This results in the word quittant, which may also be used as an adjective or noun in the right context. Quitter  in the Compound Past Tense The passà © composà © is a compound past tense that is frequently used in French. To form it, youll need to conjugate avoir  to the present for the subject before adding the past participle quittà ©. This results in jai quittà © for I left and nous avons quittà © for we left. More Simple Conjugations of  Quitter When someone may or may not leave or quit, you can imply this uncertainty with  the subjunctive.  If, on the other hand, they will only leave or quit if another action occurs, then you will use  the conditional  forms of  quitter. Both  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary tenses, so theyre most often found in written French. While you may not need to use them, you should be able to read them. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je quitte quitterais quittai quittasse tu quittes quitterais quittas quittasses il quitte quitterait quitta quittt nous quittions quitterions quittmes quittassions vous quittiez quitteriez quitttes quittassiez ils quittent quitteraient quittrent quittassent A very useful verb mood for a word like  quitter,  the French imperative  allows you to say things such as Quit! or Leave! without any formality. Feel free to drop the subject pronoun and simply say, Quittons ! Imperative (tu) quitte (nous) quittons (vous) quittez

Nantucket Nectars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nantucket Nectars - Essay Example Another source of short term finance is life savings. Tom and Tom with their lifetime savings of $17,000 were able to undertake some expansion. Like Nantucket Nectars, entrepreneurs like Tom and Tom did can borrow funds from local financial institutions or individuals. Short term borrowings may be in form of overdrafts with limits set by banks and interest charged at variable rates set by the banks. Short term loans may also extend up to a period of three years; such sources of cash do not require much collateral, hence easy access. Before short term lending is extended to firms’, factors such as purpose, amount, repayment period, term and security are considered and ascertained (Pride, William, Robert 2011). As a matter of urgency if deemed so, a company may welcome wealthy individuals who pump money into the business at the exchange of a percentage of shareholding. The sales director of Nantucket nectars advises that mike Egan be allowed to bring in $600,000 for the exchange with 50% of the company. Out of the companies profits it can decide to plough back some amount to grow the business in form of retained earnings. Though this means has a direct impact on dividends since it reduces the amount earned by shareholders hence they may complain (Pride, William, Robert 2011). Retained earnings are attractive sources of cashing in since managers think they don’t cost anything, it is at their discretion to make dividend decisions. Also retained earnings as opposed to issuing new shares help the firm to evade issue costs and this method also helps the management avoid change of control. Another factor which facilitates the consideration of retained earnings is the financial and taxation levels of the existing shareholders. If due to taxation, they would receive capital profit realizable only during taxation of shares sold than receive current income then retained earnings is preferred to other methods. Businesses can still cash in

Write a report on the condition of Youth Justice Provision in 2009 Essay

Write a report on the condition of Youth Justice Provision in 2009 (United Kingdom only) - Essay Example Recent studies like the one above demonstrate the persistence of discrimination within the justice system. Attempts are presently being made to counteract the serious joint problems of discrimination and oppression with youth justice. Notions of justice and equality are at the heart of the reforms currently being implemented within the Youth Justice System (Dugmore, et.al 2006). Although the promotion of equality and anti-discrimination measures are not new to the Youth Justice System – they have in fact been under implementation for more than four years – these initiatives are important because they seek to tackle significant institutional issues such as discrimination against visible minorities within the UK’s Youth Justice Arena. Seeking to address the evolution of Youth Justice initiatives, this essay will discuss what has been introduced and evaluate the originality of these new initiatives. Accordingly, we will explore the principles underpinning the initiatives and discuss the consequences of these initiatives for both society and young people within the Youth Justice realm. The effectiveness of these initiatives in dealing with the problem of youth crime will be analyzed and we will critically evaluate what is missing from youth justice provision. Our analysis will focus primarily on the anti-discrimination measures presently being implemented in the United Kingdom’s Youth Justice System and key terms, including discrimination, exclusion, racism, sexism, prejudice, diversity and labelling will be defined to help outline the parameters of this essay. The legal framework for the application of anti-discriminatory practice in youth justice will be elaborated upon and followed by an analysis of the representation of individuals and groups within the Youth Justice System. Finally, this essay will consider why it is

Pay Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pay Structure - Essay Example This will also help create an insight of the company’s payment plan. I will also analyze the compensation structure where the employees stand to receive their salaries depending on their roles, duties and distinctive responsibilities. In this aspect, I will seek to find out whether the company distributes salaries fairly to every employee irrespective of their social status (Foubert, 2010). This will help me find out any instance of gender or minority discrimination. I will seek to establish whether the company has a rewarding system, such as bonuses for work well done. I will also find out whether the company distributes rewards fairly to its employees. I will delve into the promotion process of the company, which is a crucial part of establishing incidences of fairness or elements of discrimination in the company (Foubert, 2010). Additionally, I will weigh the promotion system of the company against the present-day market standards in order to establish true and valid gender or minority based

Travel Motivation: Linking Theory To Practice

Travel Motivation: Linking Theory To Practice Travel means the movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations for any purpose and any duration, with or without any means of transport. Travel also includes relatively short stays between successive movements. Movements between locations requiring only a few minutes are not considered as travel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel). In other meaning, travel can be defined as a journey, a trip or a walk from one place to another place in great distance whether using any transport or without transport. Travel can be for recreational purposes, for tourism, to visit people, for business or for commuting, and may occur for numerous other reasons, such as to obtain health care, migration, fleeing war, etc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel). There are many purposes of travel such as to rest and relax, to meet friends and relatives, to visit and experience new places and also to having fun and enjoying the memorable moment. The young tourist can be defined as youth or young generation or population that age between 16 to 30 years old. In advance, young tourists were neglected by researcher because of they were always being assumed same with the rest tourist population in terms of similarities. Pastor (1991,p.7) states that for too long it has been imagined that young tourists are merely more naive versions of the adult tourist, and that their needs are the same as their elders, but on a smaller, simpler less demanding scale to be considered, in a sense, as sub-requirements. But, actually tourist population was separated in form of age, behavior and motivational factor. Instead, it is claimed that young tourists have a distinct identity, special interests and different needs which distinguish them from adult tourists (Ravon, 1991). This research topic was selected because we never known or never took concern about why people want to travel to overseas or in countries, what inspires them to travel and why they willing to spend their money and time merely just want to explore to other places. Furthermore, we do not have taken concern about the significant of travel, types of person that travel in context of age, behavior and inducement. In addition, tourism industry now increasing quickly to develop and had large potential in order to be major contributor to national economy. At the same time, it can introduce the country to international era with distinctive countrys uniqueness whose can attract various type of tourist to tour. However, every interest or inducement to tour that occurs in tourists themselves are varying because there are various walks of age in tourist population. Hence, we want to study about the young tourists group on their difference of inducement and interest to tour with aged tourists group and what motivates them. After I read all these journals, may be said that a little bit I can understand it and all the issues just now like answered. Especially, the significant or the importance of travel where it can be teaching us about the meaning of life satisfaction, open widest our mind to look the different corner of the world, know the cultural difference elsewhere which we might never known before and give us the experience to socialize and communicate with various type of people. SUMMARY Definition of motivation is general. There is various type of definition that can be used. According to Susan Velez (2008), motivation is the characteristic that is required in order to achieve anything in life; without it you will give up at the first sign of adversity. It is means to inspire and encourage a person to do their best towards something in their life. However, it is a slightly different with the definition of motivation in travel. Travel Motivation: Linking Theory to Practice For the first case study, travel motivation is a critical factor and a driving force behind tourist behavior (Crompton, 1979). The purpose of this study is to review the relevant literature on travel motivation and provides a scenario-based discussion on the applications of travel motivation theories in the industry practice (Huang and Hsu, 2009). This study was conducted by a comprehensive literature review on travel motivations that acknowledged the major theories. Two scenarios are presented and discussed by linking two motivation conceptual schemes, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and Plogs allocentrism/psychocentrism model, to practical issues in travel management (Huang and Hsu, 2009). However, understanding tourists motivation merely imagination because it is very hard to understand different tourists need and wants from various age layer. It is closely related to the theory that applies in travel motivation with practices that theory into the real world. We need to study and understand totally the theory, only then we can fulfill tourist satisfaction according to age layer, their needs in travel, produce experience travel which meant for them and creating the repeat business. Profiling Young Travelers Travel Behavior According to Sung Chae (2009), the purpose of this study is to segment young travelers travel behavior on the basis of travel motivation. It is based on diverse needs and desires on the tourist attributes. Using oblique principal component cluster analysis, this study identified seven factors in travel motivation: Excitement, Tourist Attraction, New Experience, Relaxation, Atmosphere and Remembrance. The results indicate that the Korean young travelers travel behavior was varied between defined factors and different sets of socio-demographic and travel characteristics. The information was gathered by giving the questionnaire to the subject of study. The young tourist more tend to choose vacation that give maximum pleasure, vacation to attracting places so that they would repeat the vacation to that same place, sense new experience that never felt before this, can give satisfaction of resting and relaxing without any interference and pressure, reposed in place that have atmosphere who can cause mood to revel and produce holiday that memorable forever and made as a sweet memory. Travel Motivations and Destination Activities of Young Travelers of Different Ages: An Empirical Study in the United States Several studies have investigated the differences in tourism and destination activities of different age groups of the travelers in the United States. Previous research studies suggest different segments of American travelers exist based upon generational groupings. The findings of the study, based upon 744 respondents, clearly identified two distinct segments of tourists in the age group of 18-23 and 24-30 in terms of travel motivation and destination activities. The results can be used by managers to improve the experience of these two distinct groups of young travelers (Michael, Dana and Dinesh, 2008). In this study, two groups of different age were focused which is generation X (born 1961-1981) and generation Y (born 1982-2000). Through this study, found that both age group that having differences in terms of travel satisfaction, level of travel experience, motivations to travel and travel activities. After that, the result was produces where there are various factors that motivate them to travel and types of travel activities that they want. Some of the factors that motivate them to travel are the desire to travel foreign place, going to coast or island, having romantic holiday with beloved person, returning to place that we have gone before and want to spend time together with family and friends. Some types of travel activities is sightseeing, shopping, partying and celebrating and dining at special restaurant with good atmosphere and food. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on all research paper, can be deduced that there is tourist from various age layer, gender and standard of living. Through these research papers, a little bit can understand what motivate them to travel, which age group more like to travel and what types of place they like to take a trip. Especially young tourists, they expecting the vacations that gratify most maximum, like to gain new experience or try new materials, and they feel really fortunate if they can go travel to place that all this while they wish although lack of financial resources will be cultivated also. Unfortunately, mostly of young tourists group not emphasizing security matter when travel. Not many of them want a safety vacation such as old tourists. Especially women, because they was barer to various type of danger and threat at night time. Therefore, as a suggestion, they should take several initiatives to prevent thing that did not want to happen. Tell your family and friends on about vacation, keep map when sightseeing, do not carrying goods worth, wearing right clothes such as locals, sensitive with environment or surrounding (especially woman), avoid from dark place and always bring some small tool to defend yourself.

What is an expert? Essay -- essays research papers

Currently the most prevalent is that an expert is a person who has some skill or knowledge in some domain that is matched by only a few other people. These people are thus extraordinary in some way. Anders Ericsson, probably the best known of the researchers on expertise defines expertise as Relatively stable outstanding performance.Experts are often labeled as such. People called exceptional, superior, gifted, talented, specialist, expert, etc. tend to belong to the set of experts. There is no doubt that there are large differences in the quality of performance of different people on different tasks or in different domains. We can think of this difference as a scale of expertise. Novices are those who do not perform very well, and we can move through different levels of expertise until we find some individuals that we might say are skilled or knowledgeable beyond that of almost everyone else in the world, or world class. What is the nature of this dimension? What are the categories within which this level of expertise motif applies? Becoming an expert in any domain requires experience and effort. Don Norman introduced the notion that an someone requires 10,000 hours of experience and practice for reasonably complex domains to have the possibility of being an expert. Most people seem to agree with that assessment. In order for someone to become an expert in physics, music, chess, psychology, mathematics, baseball, etc. takes many hours, even years, of hard work and practice. ***Keith Ericsson in viewing the development of expertise argued that the most important factor, perhaps even necessary and sufficient for developing expertise is deliberative practice. Deliberative practice has four properties: (1) it is at an appropriate level of difficulty, (2) the participant receives informative feedback, (3) the participant has many opportunities for repetition, and (4) the participant has th opportunity to correct for errors (from Ericsson (1996; found in Sternberg & Ben-Zeev (2001). If we focus on the process of becoming an expert rather than the claim that only a few become expert, we may come to a position I first heard from Micki Chi. Children are universal novices. They have not developed very many of the component skills needed for any domain. Decalage is the order of the day; many of the skills needed are relatively domain specific. The topics in t... ...wa workshops; Miss America candidates from Texas; Prodigies of all sorts. Winton Marsalis view on becoming an expert: commitment, listening, training, practice, confidence, independence. Component skills and knowledges. Must borrow many of them, learn to apply them in the right places, and integrate them to the new task. Some knowledge and skill must be learned from scratch. Many skills need to be developed more highly. It is possible that all of the component skills can be decomposed into simple enough parts that they are known a priori; however, expertise still requires integrating and restructuring them into usable schemata. What is the state of novice performance? Inchoate states, random trial and error, frustration, backward chaining, small units, surface form, separate nonintegrated components, bottom-up Expert performance--focused, much forward chaining, top-down, coherent and integrated, abstract organization, large units, proceduralization, integrated sequences, skillful, selective. Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The road to excellence. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Sternberg, R. J. & Ben-Zeev, T. (2001) Complex Cognition: The psychology of human thought. New York: Oxford.

Ethics Game Simulation Essay

In simulation game, two dilemmas were presented. The first case is happened to a 16-year-old mother, RB. She is in her tenth hour of labor. Her parents are at bedside with her. Because of religious belief, they have chosen to limit the amount of medication and other medical assistance. Due to the length of her labor, her unborn child’s situation is getting worse. RB has not received any medication so far. Because of her fear and distress, fetal distress has been increasing gradually. RB’s brother stated that their parents want the staff hold the painkiller and treatment because they punish her for getting pregnant before she was married. RB is still a minor, her parents are informed of her health status, but we are not sure whether or not they understand how dangerous her situation could get. In the second case, one of the ICU patient, AT, was brought to the hospital by his domestic partner, YM. YM was accompanied with him while both of them were in the ER, but he was n ot allowed to visit his partner in the ICU. The shift supervisor nurse stated she would follow the rules and allow actual family members visit the patient. AT has been unconscious for one day and no definitive diagnosis has been reached. He was in critical condition and cannot make decision by himself. There is no related information on patient’s file whether or not approve or refuse the current treatment. In order to address ethically, I need to be attentive. So I have to identify the real dilemma first. In the first case, the teen and her unborn child need medical care but her parents are the legal guardian that have legal responsibility for her care. Now I have already now the problem, the next step is to be intelligent. I need to use my critical thinking skill to evaluate the facts. Also, I need to think about my obligation to my patient and how my decision affects each person involved in this case. Hence, the decision needs to be fair, fulfill my duty, and reasonable. I have to assure that the patient and her unbor n child get appropriate medical care, her parents’ wishes are being honored, and I will follow hospital’s policies and  rules. After careful consideration, my decision is to ask the assigned nurse to call a physician to make sure the mother and baby are assessed medically, they will get appropriate and necessary care, and both of them will be safe. Meanwhile, I will contact the chaplain to make sure patient’s parents’ values are respected by the medical care team. In the second case, I have to identify patient’s domestic partner’s rights and each person’s emotional state. Then I have to consider how to perform my job duty responsibly and my obligations to the patient, and patient’s best interest. The issue they have now is how to assure access for same-sex partner’s patients on equal footing with heterosexual couples. Because the same-sex partner do have some rights in this situation such as right to make decision for an unconscious family member. Since my patient, AT, is still unconscious and he can’t make any decisions for himself. So, my decision is to give YM access to his loved one and treats him as family. I will also speak to my supervisor about my decision. When utilizing ethical lenses, it will guide me make a sound decision. In the first case, I used right/responsibilities lens and results lens. The right/responsibilities lens focuses on duties and obligations, and be ethically acceptable. The results lens focuses on the duties and what meets individual desires, which means I have to consider how my action will affect each person. Hence, I have to combine all the analysis and my knowledge to make a sound decision in order to satisfy each person’s ethical desires. The second case, I used relationship lens and reputation lens. The relationship lens focuses on being fair. In order to be fair, I have to use my power appropriately and everyone’s rights as a person. For instance, I need to know the patient’s domestic partner’s rights and what kind access I can give to him. The reputation lens guides me focus on the virtues of each person. The rights/responsibilities lens allow me to consider my duty as a nurse and how to accomplish my duty. My patient and her baby’s safety ar e my top priority. Hence, I have to call the physician and notify him that my patient needs medical care. When using the results lens, I need to consider how to create a satisfied result to meet my patient and her family member’s needs and honor patient’s parents’ wishes as well. Hence, I have to contact the chaplain to comfort patient’s parents in order to meet their spiritual needs. The relationship lens allow me to consider my patient and his domestic partner’s rights. Hence, before I make a decision. I look at  hospital’s policy and rules. I want to make sure I give my patient’s partner his rights to access his loved one while I am still implementing hospital protocols. The reputation lens leads me to think about how to be a good nurse and how to provide best care for my patient. Also, I have to let my supervisor understand my decision and my standard as an employee and a nurse. As a home health nurse, we meet patients who from countries and who has different beliefs, and cultural backgrounds. I think when I have an ethical conflict, I have to assess the situation and gather data instead of making assumptions. After I collect data, I need to think about how the decision will impact each person involved in this case (right/responsibilities lens). As a nurse, I also need to remember ANA Code of Ethics. I have to remind myself I need to References EthicsGame.com, LLC. (2007). The troubled teen and policies an politics. Retrieved from: http://www.ethicsgame.com References Guido, G. W. (2010). Legal & ethical issues in nursing (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Buyer Behavior

Consumer behaviour is commonly described as the study of the factors that determine purchase of consumer goods. The analysis of such factors attempts to find out why, when, where, how and what individual do or don’t to purchase certain goods. Generally it is very difficult to evaluate how people come to make certain decision though peripherally it appears to be obvious. For this reason, researchers have affirmed that there are several elements that play part in the overall buyer behaviour and cover a variety of subjects including sociology, psychology, anthropology, and economics among others.The customer needs and requirements are the central determinant of the purchase of goods, however with the current development in technology (communication and diversity of production), people have a variety of choices to pick from and for one to be able to win customers, he/she should produce the products that meet the specific customer demands, affordable and are convenient. Manipulatin g the customers psychology can be of great impact on the business as one can perceive what the customers want and design exactly that and therefore win a lot of customers.Buyer Decision Making The marketers are usually faced with great problem when designing the most appropriate promotion strategy to win customers to their businesses. This calls for research to find out the consumer behaviour so that market planning can be properly design (Klopper et al 2006), Unilever for instance, have constantly used its logo on all the goods because the reputation of the company is well known and intimately associated with the logo.The decision making process of the customers is the main focus because this is what determines whether the customer will purchase the product or not (Dibb & Simkin 2001). It also assists to design the marketing plan. Marketing is a very important aspect of business venture since the main aim of any business is to make profits. The process of planning and implementing the concept of price, promotion and supply of products and services is very complex and requires a plan; market planning.Marketers use a variety of means to describe how, when and where information on a product is presented to the customer. The purpose is to convince the customer to purchase the product and successful market plan creates the wish to buy hence the marketer needs to understand the likes, dislikes and expectations of consumers (Shaw & Semenik 1999). Market plan assess the customers in terms of demographic variables and behavioural changeable aspects.Research from previous has indicated that the consumer purchase behaviours are usually predisposed by the following factors; personal, psychological, cultural and social factors. It has been found that the interaction of these factors influence the customers to develop certain characteristic behaviour like brand preference or product loyalty. These factors are therefore very important for the marketers because they can use them to manipulate clients and end up with a lot of customers coming for their products or services.Though most of the factors cannot be directly manipulated by the marketers, understanding of the buyer decision process and the impact of these factors on the customers can be very beneficial in developing a marketing mix for their business and designed to appeal to the preferences of the target clients (Dibb & Simkin 2001). It has been established that before the purchase of a product or service, a customer goes through a process of making a decision.For easy understanding and analysis of the process of decision making, the process has been categorized into five stages; recognizing the problem, looking for other information, analysis of alternatives or substitutes, the actual buying decision and post buying behaviour (Shaw & Semenik 1999). The duration of the decision making process always very depending on personality and this range is described from the routinely buying practice to some degree of problem solving and more wide-ranging and far-reaching problem solving dealing.Due to interaction and the increase in communication technology, consumers get to exchange information and also get a variety of data from different sources which mean there is a lot of external influence on the decision one makes. For these reason, people do not act in seclusion in the buying process rather, their decision id influenced by several factors and people in the environment. The amount of influence gets complicated in the buying decision when a lot of people get involved and hence does the purchase decision by the customer (Howard & Sheth 1999).The decision to purchase and the actual purchase is powerfully controlled by the cultural, social, psychological and personal distinctiveness. These factors can be blended and used by a marketer to create the correct appeal for the customers. The decision making process can hence be interfered with at different levels and the outcome cou ld be that the customer gets to by the product without too much complexity (Shaw & Semenik 1999) Problem Identification: this is the difference between the perceived ideal desire for something and the actual situation of having to obtain the product.If the difference is greater enough, it is likely to evoke purchase of the product and this is described as the deficit in assortment of goods. For instance, a feeling of hunger is likely to inspire purchase of food because hunger can stimulate someone to eat. In this way, a company like Unilever can utilize this first step and stimulate purchase by an advert that create the idea that a customer is deficient, like the need to be beautiful using the Dove beauty products. This can inspire one to purchase dove as the ads usually uses model.Search of Information: this is a ways of obtaining information about the product about to be purchased and it is usually done in two ways i. e. internal search and external search. The internal search is when somebody relies on memory to remember past encounter with the product or the brand; this is usually used for regularly purchased goods and services. The external search is also a source of influence as one gets the information from friends and relatives, public sources like adverts, consumer reports, comparison during shopping etc.when a marketer clearly understands the importance of this stage in the purchase decision, he or she can present a lot of information (marketer dominated) in items like adverts, salesmen, website among other (Dibb & Simkin 2001). If Unilever uses several adverts that will capture the customer’s eye, it is likely to be remembered during this stage of decision making and leads to a positive response when one has to buy dove beauty products. Analysis of Substitutes (alternatives): this is the stage when the customer gets to set the criteria for buying.Under correct understanding of the decision making process, marketer can be able to establish bra nd name reputation and these brand name could easily fall in the clients criteria (Klopper et al 2006). Another important aspect here is to develop and win the customer worth notion. Unilever logo is very popular and since the reputation of the company is well established, it can form a very good basis for marketing against competitors like Lux, Lava and Ivory.The Buying Decision: a purchase decision is very critical to both the marketer and the client especially where to buy and is usually based on term of sale, previous knowledge of the product from the seller and return policy. When to purchase can be determined by appropriateness of the shop, store atmosphere and the time factor (Howard & Sheth 1999). Other factors in consideration when marketing include the product type, mode of packaging, and the means of purchase (online or physical etc).The Actual Buying: this can be altered by product availability and therefore, for a company to win customers over there competitors, they sh ould ensure that the products are always in the stores (Klopper et al 2006). Post Purchase Analysis: after acquiring the product, customers usually make comparisons of the actual effects and the expected outcome. From these, the product can be concluded as being satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Many companies are working very hard to ensure positive post purchase impact which will result in repeat purchase (Howard & Sheth 1999).Unilever can use follow up calls and sales people to convince the clients that they made the correct decision. This will help to manage the cognitive dissonance that is usually experienced and is characterized by tense moments and feeling of anxiety. Consumer Behaviour Theories Consumer behaviour theories are attempts to give explanations as to why customers usually behave in a certain way and not the other and is basically the basis used by marketers to make their marketing mix in what is called marketing theory.The basic buyer behaviour theory was postulated by Abraham Maslow, and this was based on the priority or the necessity of products and services and it mainly applies to the consumer goods. The second theory applies to merchandise or the industrial goods. This theory addresses the typical behaviour of buyers of organisational products or merchandise for business (Howard 1993). Essentially, there are four characteristic types of buyer behaviour as explained by the buyer behaviour theories and the categorization is determined by the kind good or services intended for purchase.The aim of the theories is to give answers to the following questions about customers; who? How? When? Where? And why do they buy? The buying behaviours are (Howard 1993); 1. Complex behaviour- this is the situation where a customer buys very expensive brand and inquires for more information prior to real purchasing. 2. Habitual buyer – this is when a client gets used to buying certain goods and regularly purchases them as a habit like newspapers etc. 3 . Variety seeking behaviour- this is when the customer develops the habit of shopping around for purposes of making comparisons and experimenting new products.This kind of client can shop different brands of the product say bread, cosmetics etc. 4. Dissonance reducing behaviour- these are buyers who get to do shopping because it is tasking or occasional. There is not greater influence by characteristics like branding, for instance the purchase of a gold chain. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory This theory explains what motivates people to purchase goods and the analysis is based on the priority or rather the necessity of the products or services to be purchased.In his theory, Abraham Maslow suggests that people will target to meet their primary needs first which include hunger and thirst (this is psychological classification) (Howard 1993). When these necessities are adequately satisfied, then the individuals can move to the next step of the hierarchy, i. e. the safety requi rements where main concern is the job security and the assurance that they will have regular income. The social needs come next and they are the need to be loved, this is a general human yearning and individuals will work hard to attain this sense of belonging.Self esteem comes next and this is the need to be recognised in terms of status quo and social class in the society, e. g. wearing branded shirts. Self actualization is the top most level of human needs and it is when an individual has achieved the most out of life, a point of life fulfilment (Howard & Sheth 1999). One can wonder that how can this concept help Unilever to market its products? Generally, marketing is meant to ensure that goods are sold and that they meet customers’ demands. The Maslow theory suggests that the individuals need keep on changing as they strive along hierarchy of needs to achieve self actualization.Unilever stores can store products that meet the esteem needs (particularly Dove beauty produc ts). This concept is therefore very important to marketers (Dibb & Simkin 2001). The theory of buying merchandise is more like the Maslow’s theory only that it does not include so much of the behavioural aspects. The theory works at macro-level and does not take into consideration how the retailers manage their business, the profits and hence it is of no big use to Unilever Company. Recommendations and Conclusions The two important marketing strategies are developing a marketing plan and carrying a market research.Developing the format of a marketing plan is the first step in making a marketing strategy. The plan should include; the objective and business mission; situation Analysis; the aims of the marketing strategy; strategic and tactical procedures; the budget and means of analyzing performance; and contingencies. The first step is to describe the challenge i. e. product to be marketed; in this case, the products are sandwiches, cold and hot drinks. Situation analyses inc lude several aspects, competitor analysis, SWOT analysis, company analysis and customer analysis (consumer behaviour).Customers are a very critical element of any business venture and during market planning it is very important to carry out a market research about customer information including purchasing habits, type of customers, number of customer, and concentration of customers centre for certain products etc. Competition can be overcome by optimizing on the opportunities, maximizing the strengths and eliminating the weaknesses. All these are obtained through market research analysis of market segmentation and position.Unilever can greatly influence customers to purchase Dove beauty products by the process known as market concepts which can be derived from buyer behaviour. References Dibb. S & Simkin L. (2001). Marketing Briefs. A Revision and Study Guide. Butterworth-Heinemann Howard J. A (1993). Marketing: Executive and Buyer Behaviour. Columbia University Press Howard J. A & Sheth J. N (1999). The Theory of Buyer Behaviour. Wiley Klopper H. B et al (2006). Marketing. Fresh Perspectives. Pearson South Africa. Shaw R. T & Semenik R. J (1999). Marketing. South Western Publishing Company.