Current Financial Market Events and their Implications

Current Financial Market Events and their Implications Event one The recent global financial crisis has dealt a heavy blow on the American International Group, leading to loss of mortgage-backed securities. Following this loss, AIG has filed a suit against Bank of America in a bid to recover over $ 10 billion USD (Story and Morgenson 2011).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Current Financial Market Events and their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More AIG maintains that Bank of America, along with its Countrywide Financial units and Merrily Lynch sold to investors misrepresented mortgages that had been placed as securities. AIG is blaming banks for this historic loss and maintains that it was misled into purchasing risky securities while the property market was still faced with a housing boom. Other large financial institutions that IAG plans to sue on similar grounds include JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, and Deutche Bank. The US Justice Department has also receiv ed a number of credit crisis cases but because none has yet been prosecuted, consumers and investors are now apportioning blame on financial institutions for the loss (Story and Morgenson 2011). Nonetheless, the Justice Department is pushing for the prosecution of these cases, albeit at a slow pace. For example, a former chairman of Taylor, Bean Whitaker, a mortgage company, has been handed a jail sentence. Requests by investors and consumers for the Justice Department to hold investment banks accountable for the losses occasioned by the global financial crisis are being weighed in by State attorney-general. These cases mainly involve foreclosures and mortgage servicing. This is despite the fact that the government is yet to start following up on the most fundamental of these practices. Event Two President Obama is pushing a strategy to create more jobs and at the same time, ensure larger long-term deficit cuts. The proposed tax cuts are aimed at combating long-term unemployment. T herefore, new spending on the construction industry is anticipated, as well as extending tax cuts to firms hiring workers. The president is also proposing for a new deficit reduction (Calmes 2011). These moves are aimed at stimulating economic growth by encouraging consumers to spend and businesses to hire. However, the Republicans are opposed to additional stimulus proposal, blaming President Obama for lacking a detailed debt-reduction plan. They are also opposed to higher tax revenue.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pledge by the central bank to maintain interest rates at a near zero for a minimum period of two years has received opposition from two policymakers with the US Federal Reserve. They argue that such a move is an indication that the government intends to support the stock market. The decision to reduce interest rates up to mid-2013 has also be en criticized, with opponents terming the policy as inappropriate. Event Three A strong Australian dollar in 2011 has resulted in low domestic travel and this has prompted Wotif.com, an Australian based online travel company to consider expanding its business to the Asian market. In 2009, domestic leisure travel business, which also happens to be Wotif.com’s core business, was stronger because the Australian dollar was getting weaker against the major currencies (LaFrenz 2011, p. 39). Now, a lot of Australians are opting for overseas trips, at the expense of domestic travel. This has helped to strengthen the international accommodation booking. Wotif.com has enjoyed tremendous growth since 2006, when the company was listed on the ASE (Australian Securities Exchange). However, in 2011, its growth slowed significantly. As part of its growth strategy, the company has focused on the Asian market with the adoption of novel-phone-based initiatives, a move that the company sees as h elping to facilitate its growth (LaFrenz 2011, p. 39). Already, the company does 15 percent of its bookings in Asia. Besides mobile bookings, the company also plans to enter into joint ventures with a number of travel firms in Asia in order to get a share of the expanding domestic travel market. The Asian local market boasts of a growing middle class who are not only eager to travel, but also have more disposable income. Event Four In the second quarter of 2011, the US economic expansion was below what had been forecasted, and this is a pointer to the weakness of the economy. This has forced the Federal Reserve to revise its growth forecast downwards (Willis 2011, p. 56). Between April and June, the GDP of the US is estimated to have increased at an average rate of 1 percent per annum. The previous estimates had been pegged at 1.3 percent. At the same time, the month of August recorded the lowest level of consumer sentiments since November 2008, in the face of political wrangling an d financial-market turmoil regarding the budget deficit (Willis 2011, p. 56). The country’s GDP stands at USD 13.26 trillion, and it is still below its peak before the recession.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Current Financial Market Events and their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a lighter note, there has been an upward revision of salaries and wages, thereby revealing the highest gain in over 4 years. At the same time, corporate profits have grown. Following the recent downgrading of US debt by S P amid concerns of a default in the euro-zone, coupled with deficit-cut measures, economists have been forced to reduce growth forecasts. Analysis The fact that the Justice Department has been slow to prosecute the culprits who initiated the recent global financial crisis has only acted to reduce investor and consumer confidence. As a result, the economy has been growing at a slower rate t han anticipated, and this has prompted the Federal Reserve Bank to revise the country’s growth rate downwards. When the economy fails to attain the predicted rate of growth, this results in low consumer sentiments. When consumers are less optimistic about the economic growth rate, their spending and saving rates are likely to decrease (Colin 2008, para. 3). Stimulus packages are therefore a way of stimulating the economy when faced with slow growth. Other measures that a government can institute to deal with a sow rate of economic growth are to impose tax cuts and facilitate temporary spending. Economists suggest that such moves add to deficits initially. In the long-term though, these measures could lower costs for safety-net programs, increase tax collections and in the end, maintain smaller deficits than would be the case with lowering unemployment and spurring growth (Cooper 2008, p. 208). Stimulus spending is supported by the Keynesian economic theory which states that w hen the government seeks to spend a huge chunk of borrowed money, this helps to boost the economy (Davidson 2009 p.18). Economic historians have maintained that the US made it through the Great Depression thanks to Keynesian-style spending. Besides stimulating the economy, there is the need also to ensure that we reduce deficits especially when faced with shrinking revenues. A stimulus package pumps money into the economy albeit temporarily, thus encouraging consumer spending. Businesses are also encouraged to hire more employees. Otherwise, businesses may be forced to consider relocating their business to other economies that have not borne the full consequence of a global economic crisis. This is the case with Wotif.com, when it decided to venture into the Asian market when domestic travel in Australia was no longer attractive to help the company maintain its hitherto spectacular growth.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Calmes, J., 2011. Obama to push for jobs, tax cuts. The New York Times, Web. Colin, B., 2008. Consumer confidence- global monitor of consumer sentiment index reports and country update on consumer confidence changes. Marshal Place  Associates, Web. Cooper, G., 2008. The origin of financial crises: central banks, credit bubbles and the  efficient market fallacy. Petersfield, Hampshire, U.K.: Harriman House. Davidson, P., 2009. The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity. London: Palgrave=McMillan. LaFrenz, C., 2011. Dollar drives wotif.com’s Asia focus. The Australian Financial  Review, 11 August. p. 39. Story, L., Morgenson, G., 2011. AIG sues bank for GFC losses. The New  York Times, Web. Willis, B., 2011. US growth forecast revised down. The Australian Financial Times, 9 August 2011. p. 56.

Washington Irving

Washington Irving Washington Irving was the first American to make a living as an author and during his prolific career in the early 1800s he created celebrated characters such as Rip Van Winkle and Ichabod Crane. His youthful satirical writings popularized two terms still closely associated with New York City, Gotham and Knickerbocker. Irving also contributed something to holiday traditions, as his conception of a saintly character with a flying sleigh delivering toys to children at Christmas evolved into our modern depictions of Santa Claus. Early Life of Washington Irving Washington Irving was born April 3, 1783 in lower Manhattan, during the week that New York City residents heard of the British ceasefire in Virginia that effectively ended the Revolutionary War. To pay tribute to the great hero of the time, General George Washington, Irvings parents named their eighth child in his honor. When George Washington took the oath of office as the first American president at Federal Hall in New York City, six-year-old Washington Irving stood among the thousands of people celebrating in the streets. A few months later he was introduced to President Washington, who was shopping in lower Manhattan. For the rest of his life Irving told the story of how the president patted him on the head. While attending school, young Washington was believed to be slow-witted, and one teacher labeled him a dunce. He did, however, learn to read and write, and became obsessed with telling stories. Some of his brothers attended Columbia College, yet Washingtons formal education ended at the age of 16. He became apprenticed to a law office, which was a typical route to becoming a lawyer in the era before law schools were common. Yet the aspiring writer was  far more interested in wandering about Manhattan and studying the daily life of New Yorkers than he was in the classroom. Early Political Satires Irvings older brother Peter, a physician who was actually more interested in politics than medicine, was active in the New York political machine headed by Aaron Burr. Peter Irving edited a newspaper aligned with Burr, and in November 1802 Washington Irving published his first article, a political satire signed with the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. Irving wrote a series of articles as Oldstyle over the next few months. It was common knowledge in New York circles that he was the real author of the articles, and he enjoyed the recognition. He was 19 years old. One of Washingtons older brothers, William Irving, decided that a trip to Europe might give the aspiring writer some direction, so he financed the voyage. Washington Irving left New York, bound for France, in 1804, and didnt return to America for two years. His tour of Europe broadened his mind and gave him material for later writing. Salmagundi, a Satirical Magazine After returning to New York City, Irving resumed studying to become a lawyer, but his real interest was in writing. With a friend and one of his brothers he began collaborating on a magazine that lampooned Manhattan society. The new publication was called Salmagundi, a familiar term at the time as it was a common food similar to present day chefs salad. The little magazine turned out to be shockingly popular and 20 issues appeared from early 1807 to early 1808. The humor in Salmagundi was gentle by todays standards, but 200 years ago it seemed startling and the magazines style became a sensation. One lasting contribution to American culture was that Irving, in a joking item in Salmagundi, referred to New York City as Gotham. The reference was to a British legend about a town whose residents were reputed to be crazy. New Yorkers enjoyed the joke, and Gotham became a perennial nickname for the city. Diedrich Knickerbockers A History of New York Washington Irvings first full-length book appeared in December 1809. The volume was a fanciful and often satirical history of his beloved New York City as told by an eccentric old Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker. Much of the humor in the book played upon the rift between the old Dutch settlers and the British who had supplanted them in the city. Some descendants of old Dutch families were offended. But most New Yorkers appreciated the satire and the book was successful. And while some of the local political jokes are hopelessly obscure 200 years later, much of the humor in the book is still quite charming. During the writing of A History of New York, a woman Irving intended to marry, Matilda Hoffman, died of pneumonia. Irving, who was with Matilda when she died, was crushed. He never again became seriously involved with a woman and remained unmarried. For years after the publication of A History of New York Irving wrote little. He edited a magazine, but also engaged in the practice of law, a profession which he never found very interesting. In 1815 he left New York for England, ostensibly to help his brothers stabilize their importing business after the War of 1812. He remained in Europe for the next 17 years. The Sketch Book While living in London Irving wrote his most important work, The Sketch Book, which he published under the pseudonym of Geoffrey Crayon. The book first appeared in several small volumes in American in 1819 and 1820. Much of the content in The Sketch Book dealt with British manners and customs, but the American stories are what became immortal. The book contained The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the account of schoolmaster Ichabod Crane and his otherworldly nemesis the Headless Horseman, and Rip Van Winkle, the tale of a man who awakens after sleeping for decades. The Sketch Book also contained a collection of Christmas tales which influenced the celebrations of Christmas in 19th century America. Revered Figure at his Estate on the Hudson While in Europe Irving researched and wrote a biography of Christopher Columbus along with a number of travel books. He also worked at times as a diplomat for the United States. Irving returned to America in 1832, and as a popular writer he was able to buy a picturesque estate along the Hudson near Tarrytown, New York. His early writings had established his reputation, and while he pursued other writing projects, including books on the American West, he never topped his earlier successes. When he died on  November 28, 1859 he was widely mourned. In his honor, flags were lowered in New York City as well as on ships in the harbor. The New York Tribune, the influential newspaper edited by Horace Greeley, referred to Irving as the beloved patriarch of American letters. A report on Irvings funeral in the New York Tribune on December 2, 1859, noted, The humble villagers and farmers, to whom he was so well known, were among the truest mourners who followed him to the grave. Irvings stature as a writer endured, and his influence was widely felt. His works, especially The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle are still widely read and considered classics.

Introduction To Pre-Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction To Pre-Negotiation - Essay Example According to William Zartman, a leading scholar of international negotiations, Pre-negotiation begins when one or more parties considers negotiation as a policy option and communicates this intention to other parties. It ends when the parties agree to formal negotiations, or when one party abandons the consideration of negotiation as an option. In essential terms, pre-negotiation is the span of time and activity in which the parties move from conflicting unilateral solutions for a mutual problem to a joint search for cooperative multilateral or joint solutions. It is the diagnostic phase of negotiation. (Dr. Plamen Pantev., Negotiating in the Balkans: The Pre-negotiation Perspective. National Security and the Future Volume One, Number 1, 2000). Jane Gross Stein has differentiated between the pre-negotiation and actual negotiation, 'Pre-negotiation was generally characterized by important structuring activity. It set broad boundaries, identified the participants, and, in at least half the cases, specified the agenda for negotiation. Even in those cases where it produced only a rough outline of the agenda, it nevertheless reduced uncertainty and complexity by establishing what would be kept off the table. In every case, pre-negotiation framed the problem and set the limits of the negotiation to follow. According to Brain W. ... iation includes identification of the problem, search for the feasible option, and reflect commitment towards negotiations, agreement to negotiate, and setting the parameters. (Dr. Plamen Pantev, Negotiating in the Balkans: The Pre-negotiation Perspective. National Security and the Future Volume One, Number 1, 2000). STAGES OF PRE-NEGOTIATION Irrespective of the nature of the dispute, the mediator and facilitator struggles to help the parties to reach an understanding with reference to procedural and structural questions, before the commence of formal negotiation process. This practice has several advantages as it provides the parties with sense and chance of success on the preliminary round. It is important to workout the procedural and structural questions so that the reluctant party can be understood the worth and significance of the practice and association. The objective of the pre-negotiation is to acquire the commitment of the parties to negotiate their differences and concerns. The objective is achieved by identifying the eliminating the obstacles to negotiations. There can be series of differences and obstacles which are likely to hinder the pace and prospects of pre-negotiation. The main hindrance is often that the parties fail to organize the negotiation in the required manner. There is possibility of existence of differences which is likely to turn the group unable to organize itself and present a consistent set of interests. Another obstacle is likely to be the lack of credible representative or spokesperson on the behalf of respective parties. There are likely to be many other substantial hurdles prior to the commencement of negotiation. Similarly the opening phase of the negotiation is likely to be problematic as well. Problems can be experienced

Theories of Media Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Media - Movie Review Example The only tool he has in this philosophical battlefield is his charisma and skills in clever rationalization. In actuality, the film centers on Nick's crisis of conscience as he denies the hazards, rhetoric, and moral qualms that his job involve with. Adding to the complication of the story is the presence of his son, who chooses to believe him despite the obvious facts that are tagged along with the kind of career he has. Along the way he met two people that put twist on his life, the investigative report who thinks she got Naylor by the neck for her own scheme, and win the interest of the tobacco head honcho. The movie also tackles the wondrous possibilities of having enough money to bribe certain responsible media, such as film, to advertise almost anything even hazardous element like cigarettes. It takes near to death experience and a child's welfare that convinced Naylor to oppose his expertise. Even not directly stated, but the sub message is clear that Hollywood is more influential and glamorous than the Washington, but still both cities are essentially in the same business of promoting and tolerating public influential ideas. Putting in an ugly light the moral sectors who themselves have moral issues to resolve with, and depicting the being of a person of the social antagonist. The film balances between the stand of smokers and non-smokers. Leaving to the audience the decision which argument they most likely conformed. It is the matter of choice that matters and how responsible one should be with his stand. THE AUDIENCE Joey, Nick Naylor's son, informally represents the audience of the film, putting up sympathy toward his father's job by agreeing his arguments, but still having his own mind, doubtful about cigarette smoking. And like Joey, audience able to understand that Nick is only doing his job in order "to pay his mortgage", just like anyone else working. The production targeted mature audiences because of its theme. It is an engine to capsulate the culture and business of professional argument. Informally aim for public awareness about social influence. THEORIES OF MEDIA In the movie, a certain journalist, played by Katie Holmes, has her own scheming method to penetrate the perspective of a tobacco lobbyist. A person like Nick Naylor, in his status, is a subject for media content. Like Gazeteciler stated, every angle of the hero's argument and personality is subject for news framework, it is changeable. California's Proposition 99 is a response to the neo-puritanical culture. It is the real issue ongoing sub context to the film. The aim of this form of media is to awaken the senses of the public or rather a reminder of how social influence and authoritarian responsibilities in a way audience can relate and sympathize with. Even before this film is played in cinemas, it already gains both praises and negative critiques. The content of the movie itself is controversial enough to even produce a 'gimmick' for its press release. The title could catch attention of the authority concerns, enough for them to get alarmed. That's why the press release agency effortlessly brought the advertisement of this film, but still aware that it won't be in a blockbuster list because of its sensitive theme and the fact that some genre of audiences cannot be allowed for

Child Trafficking Essay Example for Free

Child Trafficking Essay A child is a young human being who is not yet an adult. It also defines trafficking as an act of buying and selling things illegally. So, child trafficking is an inhuman act where children are being used unjustly as objects of business transaction. Boys and girls are involved but girls are mostly involved as victims. They are taken from their parents by the trafficker who with deceitful words promises the girl’s parent’s heaven and earth for instance that she will send them to school or that she has a business in abroad like a saloon where the girls can work for few months and establish theirs. Parents who are living in the villages are the ones they use to go to, because most of them are unable to afford both material and financial needs of all their children. Such parents have no alternative than giving out their child\children who maybe in their teens to the lady who pretended to be good. Despite all these government can still work on this heavily by the following: Firstly, government should declare free education in every school that is the school owned by the government maybe to the secondary school level. By so doing, parents will not have the excuse of giving out their children to someone else to take care of them. Secondly, government should see to duly paying of workers’ salaries at the end of each month and not leaving them empty handed at the end of the month because they need money to solve the problems facing them in the family and also to prevent them from exposing their children to those heartless human beings that use children illegally to make money. The last but not the least is that the parliamentary arm of government should sit together with the support of the president, make laws for children against abuse and intimidation. Also the judiciary arm should be strict in punishing anybody found exhibiting the act of child trafficking

Corporation Tax and the Harberger General Equilibrium Model Essay

A corporation can be defined as firstly having limited liability, where its owners, the shareholders, are not required to use their personal assets to pay the debts of a failed company; thus the owners and the corporation are separate legal entities. Secondly a corporation has delegated management where the decisions of how the company is run, are left to the managers whom are separate from the owners. Finally the owners of the corporation can easily transfer their share of ownership through the exchanges in the financial markets. The tax on a company’s profits which is the difference between the company’s gross income and its business costs is thus called the corporation tax. Now it may appear that as the tax is on the profits of the company and so the company must pay the tax, however there are many individuals such as the employees, consumers and owners on whom the corporation tax can be passed on too. I will look at the Harberger general equilibrium model, which analyses the incidence of the corporation tax by splitting the US economy into two sectors, the corporate and the non-corporate, which produce goods X and Y respectively. There are several assumptions made in the model which are that there is full employment, and after the tax, if initial prices continue to prevail, then government would just counterbalance the reduction in private expenditure on the two goods. There is also free mobility of factors across sectors, competitive markets and constant returns to scale, as well as a closed economy and free mobility of factors across sectors. It is also assumed that the redistribution of income among consumers will not change the patterns of demand. The analysis by Harberger shows that there are several variables wh... ...us allows for the corporate returns to recover to a point of equilibrium in the long run where the returns in the two industries are at a lower but equal rate. If the results of Harbenger are to be believed, where owners of capital bear the full or close to the full burden of the tax, then there should be cause for concern for countries implementing high levels of corporation tax. This is because there is a global trend for increasingly higher levels of capital mobility. Therefore, owners of capital would be able to somewhat avoid the tax burden by avoiding countries with high capital tax rates, and thus restricting the flow of capital to those countries. However, given the large number of variables which need to be taken into account when determining the incidence of the corporate tax it is still not completely clear who bears the incidence of the corporate tax.

Concept of Management Audit

The Concept of Management Audit The management audit is more recent concept. It focuses on results, evaluating the effectiveness and suitability of controls by challenging underlying rules, procedures and methods. Management audits, which are generally performed internally, are compliance audits plus cause-and-effect analysis. Management audit requires some additional work. It is a systematic technique of evaluating the operation and effectiveness of the management of a firm.This audit is conducted by an independent auditor or auditing firm, who are experts in auditing. This is done yearly or periodically. The audit team collects as many facts and information from office records and personal interviews with the personnel of the firm. The team also collects data through questionnaires distributed among the personnel and customers and/or clients of the firm. The team shall submit recommendations to the management for future actions.Management may use these recommendations for controlli ng the performance and accomplishments of the firm. According to Ferlyn L. Suvillaga â€Å"it is a systematic assessment of methods and policies of an organization’s management in the administration and the use of resources and other more. † From the response of Loria Lyn M. Fernandez â€Å"management audit is audit itself but instead of in accounts, it deals with the management. As explained by Rancy Mendoza â€Å"it is the process of determining the individual or group performance in an organization or business. † Based on the statement of Ivey Anne Muncada â€Å"it is a systematic assessment of company’s organizational policies and administration. † After reading a very reliable references, the researcher finally realized that management audit is very important, whether to organization, company or firm. It also requires some additional work because without work we cannot perform such management audit.

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 0 Background Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a type of devices that can be used as a DC motor speed controller or light dimmer. PWM is used extensively for speed controller where power-saving application is needed. This device has been used as a motor speed control for small DC fans, for example in computer power supplies. A PWM circuits works by creating a square wave with a variable on-to-off ratio, the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 duty cycle.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of ‘on' time to the regular interval or ‘period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. From this, a variable amount of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When the switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no vol tage drop across the switch.Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. Additional advantage of PWM is that the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistance easily. 1. 1 Objectives The objectives of this project are: 1.To develop the actual circuit of the PWM. 2. To simulate the PWM circuit in simulation software. 3. To use the PWM in order to control the speed of the DC motor. 1. 2 Methodology Start Title consideration, ideas Supervisor approval Components specifications and data sheets Proposal Drafting Proposal Evaluation Project Simulation Project Presentation Progress Report Submission END Figure 1. 2. 1 Flowchart of Methodology 1. 3 Gantt Chart 1. 3. 1 Final Year Project 1 | WEEKS|ACTIVITY| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 1 2| 13| 14| 1| Student-supervisor-panel allocation, briefing about FYP, introductions|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 2| Student-supervisor meeting arrange time, finding ideas discuss ideas, project titles|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 3| Student-supervisor regular meeting|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 4| Proposal preparation|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 5| Proposal evaluation, meet supervisor for evaluation, things to be improved|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 6| Proposal correction correct any mistakes|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 7| Project Development choose circuit, check availability simulation|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 8| Proposal and progress presentation|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 9| Progress report writing is based on progress|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 10| Progress report submission submit report|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 1. 3. 2 Final Year Project 2 Week| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| Tasks| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Buy Components |   |   |   |   | | | | | | | | | | | Construct circuiton breadboard | | |   |   |   | | | | | | | | | | Troubleshoot| | |   |   |   | |   |   | | | | | | | PCB Layout Design| | | | | |   | | |   | | | | | | PCB Layout Print| | | | | | | | | |   |   | | | | Soldering| | | | | |   |   |   | | | | | | | Final Report| | | | | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Final Presentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. 3. 2. 1 Aims for Final Year Project 2 1. Prepare the actual circuit diagram 2. Building and programming the PCB circuit diagram 3.Drilling the PCB and soldering the components 4. Testing the PWM circuit 5. Troubleshoot 1. 3. 2. 2 Project planning for Final Year Project 2 For the final year project 2, we have to prepare the actual circuit based on our simulation result. We will create the PCB artwork with PCB programming such as ExpressPCB, which is available for free and is surprisingly functional. Next, we have to print out the PCB artwork on a transparency. Then we cut out the printed portion of the artwork. This will define the size and shape of the PCB.To make PCBs, we can use the UV exposure method, which is only slightly more difficult than and significantly more precise than the toner transfer method. To start out, we must cut the PCB to be the same size as the outline of the PCB positive. First, we drew a rectangle the same dimensions of the PCB on the protective layer of UV Reactiv e copper covered ibreglass board, and then cut it out using a Dremel tool equipped with a diamond wheel. We have to make sure that once we have removed the board from its protective package it will not be exposed to any UV.Fluorescent and halogen lights both output enough UV light that they will expose the board through the protective layer of plastic. Next, after we cut the UV sensitive PCB to size, we are ready to expose the board. Then we remove the protective layer to size, from the PCB right before we place the positive on it, or else dust particles will attach to the board, which will mark the final PCB. To expose the PCB, first remove the protective layer, place the positive transparency on top of the board, and place it in the UV exposure box. An exposure time of 10-11 minutes is recommended.Now we need to drill holes in the PCB for the through-hole components. Finally, we have to solder all the components through-hole components. If the final result is not achieved when tes ting the final circuit, we have to run troubleshooting and find out the problem. Then, we solved the problem based on the troubleshooting after we identify the real problem. Chapter 2 Circuit Design and Operation 2. 1 Schematic diagram Figure 2. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) To Control DC Motor Speed. 2. 2 Circuit operation 2. 2. 1 Flow Chart and Description Input Signal DC wave) ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Square wave) LM311 Comparator Potentiometer ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Modulated Square wave) IRF 521 DC Motor Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 Circuit Operation Flowchart The input signal is fed into first half of IC NE556. The IC NE556 will generate square wave. The wave will then go to the second half of IC NE556 and been modulated. Potentiometer will control the second half IC to produce the desired output. A modulated square will be generated from the second IC. This wave of current will be amplified by IRF521 and then went to the motor and spin it.The DC motor speed will depends on the magnitude of the current. Chapter 3 Project Progress 3. 0 The Project Progress and the Project Outcomes The first stage of the progress is building the circuit for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit. Then, the best circuit diagram is chosen for our project. A preliminary literature review about our circuit had also been done. In this project, two of the LM556, Dual 556 Timer TTL IC were used to simulate the PWM circuit. The first IC allowed the possibility to generate square wave while the second IC allow modulation variation.Other than that, several problems were encountered when simulating some part of the circuit. This is due to incomplete library component of the simulation software such as the lack of LM556 IC in the first place. This was because the wrong type of licence of the software was selected. After a few trials and some changes of the circuit diagram for simulation, and with the right licence for the software, the PWM circuit was successfully simulated. Figure 1. 1 Expected DC square wave (output) Results Input Signal of 1st half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556Calculation from theory: Thigh= 0. 7(RA+RC)C Thigh= 0. 7(1M+1K) (0. 05 µ) = 0. 035s/35ms Tlow= 0. 7 RB C Tlow= 0. 7 (1K) (0. 05 µ) = 3. 5Ãâ€"10-5s/ 0. 035 ms Values from simulation: Thigh= 38ms Tlow= 42  µs/ 0. 042 m Input Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half IC NE556 (A=0%, B=0%) (A=0%, B=10%) (A=0%, B=50%) (A=0% B=100%) Calculation from theory: Thigh= 1. 1 RA C Rated Current From Simulation (A=0%, B=0%)I=45. 842mA(A=0%, B=10%)I=132. 953mA (A=0%, B=50%)I=406. 541mA(A=0% B=100%)I=4. 121A Table of Motor Speed Slow| Speed| Fast| 0%| Value of Potentiometer B| 100%| 0. 2077ms| T high (ON time)| 7. l79ms| 132. 95mA| Rated Current| 4. 121A| 12V| Rated Voltage (Constant)| 12V| Since voltage is constant, the higher the current supplied, the faster the motor would spin. Chapter 4 4. 0 The Problems Encountered CASE 1 – FIND ING SUITABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARE The PWM circuit uses two of LM556 IC. The first LM556 will convert DC input signal into square wave. Before doing the hardware of the project, the software need to be simulated first to check whether the circuit diagram is correct or need some adjustment.Because of this, finding the suitable simulation software had become a problem encounter to finish the project. List below show example name of other simulation software that can be used to run any the software simulation for the project; 1. TINA 2. OrCAD Capture 3. PROTEUS All of the other simulation software above can be use to run the simulation for this project but some of them were not suitable. As an example the TINA software were not used because of the unfamiliarity and the complexity of the software.The project also cannot be simulated using the OrCAD Capture since there were a large number of library which does not have simulation installed. This make it unsuitable since this project requir ed to be simulated. Meanwhile PROTEUS software was not used because of the difficult interface that complicate the user or in other words not user-friendly. CASE 2 – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE After MULTISIM had been installed, a situation was encountered where the library components are not complete or some of the components are not available.If this problem prolonged, the circuit cannot be designed in the software. Some measures had been taken to find the solution but the problems still persist. There are some types of licence that accompanied for MULTISIM, which are: 1Power PRO Edition 2Full Edition 3Student Edition 4Education PKG Edition 5Base Edition At first, the Full Edition licence was installed. When the circuit was being designed, a lot of components were unavailable. Every aspect of the software was checked, but no problem related to the software was detected. The MULTISIM software was cleanly installed in the computer. . 1 Solutions for Every Problem CAS E 1 SOLUTION – USE MULTISIM SOFTWARE The simulation can be done by using simulation programmed like TINA, Proteus, or OrCAD Capture. Unfortunately, all of these simulation programmed mentioned above have problems as explained before. Without a proper simulation, it is hard to detect any problems that exist in the design of the circuit. Finally, MULTISIM is chosen as the simulation program. MULTISIM was suitable for simulation of the Pulse Width Modulation circuit. MULTISIM has all the required components in its component library.Hence, all the components can be place in the circuit to complete it. Simulation can be done easily by using MULTISIM. All the results being cleared by using this programmed. Expected results are the PWM wave which will control the motor. CASE 2 SOLUTION – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE This problem was easily encountered by reinstalling licence of the right type. In this case, PowerPro Edition licence type was required. After it has been reinstalled, all the components are unlocked. Hence, the process of designing the circuit in the simulation software continued, and simulation process succeed.Chapter 5 Conclusion For this semester, the project progress was successful until the simulation. Hence, the simulation needs to be done correctly according to the circuit so that expected result can be obtained. The circuit diagram for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed has been successfully designed. Thus, the first objective has been achieved. The progress of the project works efficiently if the project followed accordingly to the Gantt chart made at the beginning of the project. The Gantt chart contains all the important steps that need to be followed in rder to finish the project successfully. All the steps in the Gantt chart been mentioned with respective date. Hence, there should be no problem during Final Year Project 1 when all works were being done according directly to the Gantt chart. The simulation for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed had been done by using simulation program, MULTISIM. MULTISIM provides all the necessary components to complete the simulation for the PWM circuit. Since the output should be a DC motor or a DC fan, it was replaced with Oscilloscope or Multimeter to observe the changes that occur in the simulation.This shows that choosing MULTISIM is the smart choice to run the simulation because of the advantages and the ease of use that this simulation program has. REFERENCES 1. Motor Speed Controller, retrieved from http://homepages. which. net/~paul. hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody. html 2. 4QD-TEC: Electronics Circuits Reference Archive : PWM speed control, retrieved from http://www. 4qdtec. com/pwm-01. html 3. PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer, retrieved from http://www. solorb. com/elect/solarcirc/pwm1/ 4. PWM DC Motor Controller, retrieved from http://picprojects. org. uk/projects/ppc/index. htm

Problem with the Pledge essays

Problem with the Pledge essays The Pledge of Allegiance is spoken daily in many schools throughout the United States. During the last several years this fact has become a source of contempt for many parents, who do not promote a particular religious belief in their homes. Reciting wording specific to a particular set of religious beliefs has recently caused some problems concerning constitutional validity, the ideals of our founding fathers, and even the basic reasons for the pledge to exist, however there is a simple solution, that could satisfy all Americans, whether they question the wording under God, or not. The words first known as the pledge of allegiance are now simply a base for the current pledge. This base was first published in honor of the 400th anniversary of Columbus Day. In the fall of 1892 children began to recite the unperfected version of the recitation that is now familiar to all Americans. There was no mention of God; in fact God was not mentioned through several revisions. After fifteen failed attempts by Congress to change the wording, during the Cold War Dwight Eisenhower attended a sermon given by Reverend George Docherty. Reverend Docherty belittled the Pledge of that time saying it could be the pledge of any republic (). The president agreed with Reverend Dochertys sentiments and three days later a bill was proposed. Five months later the words under God were added in a joint session of the House and Senate. The underlying currents of anti-communism and anti-atheistic were present during the speech when President Eisenhower said that We shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war (). Pope John Paul II stated after the last change that the pledge had become a patriotic oath and public prayer. The words under God were put in specifically to make clear the American stand...

Learn How to Conjugate Quitter (to Leave) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Quitter (to Leave) in French You might think that the verb  quitter  means to quit in French and you would be partially right. This verb can also mean to leave, to go, or to give up. Its a very useful word that covers many situations, so adding it to your French vocabulary is a good idea. The catch is that to use  quitter  in proper French grammar, you need to learn its conjugations. While that may seem scary to some students, this one is relatively easy and well give you the essentials you need. The Basic Conjugations of  Quitter   Among all the French verb conjugations,  quitter  falls into the largest category. These are the  regular -er verbs  and you can apply anything you learned while studying others of this sort to form the conjugations of  quitter. With any conjugation, begin by finding the verbs radical (or stem). For  quitter, that is  quitt-. You will then add the appropriate ending that matches both the subject pronoun and the tense you want to use it in. For example,  I am quitting is  je quitte  and we will leave is  nous quittions. Practice these anytime you see someone leave or quit anything for a few days and theyll be easier to remember. Present Future Imperfect je quitte quitterai quittais tu quittes quitteras quittais il quitte quittera quittait nous quittons quitterons quittions vous quittez quitterez quittiez ils quittent quitteront quittaient The Present Participle of  Quitter As with most regular verbs, the present participle is formed by simply adding -ant to the radical. This results in the word quittant, which may also be used as an adjective or noun in the right context. Quitter  in the Compound Past Tense The passà © composà © is a compound past tense that is frequently used in French. To form it, youll need to conjugate avoir  to the present for the subject before adding the past participle quittà ©. This results in jai quittà © for I left and nous avons quittà © for we left. More Simple Conjugations of  Quitter When someone may or may not leave or quit, you can imply this uncertainty with  the subjunctive.  If, on the other hand, they will only leave or quit if another action occurs, then you will use  the conditional  forms of  quitter. Both  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary tenses, so theyre most often found in written French. While you may not need to use them, you should be able to read them. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je quitte quitterais quittai quittasse tu quittes quitterais quittas quittasses il quitte quitterait quitta quittt nous quittions quitterions quittmes quittassions vous quittiez quitteriez quitttes quittassiez ils quittent quitteraient quittrent quittassent A very useful verb mood for a word like  quitter,  the French imperative  allows you to say things such as Quit! or Leave! without any formality. Feel free to drop the subject pronoun and simply say, Quittons ! Imperative (tu) quitte (nous) quittons (vous) quittez

Nantucket Nectars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nantucket Nectars - Essay Example Another source of short term finance is life savings. Tom and Tom with their lifetime savings of $17,000 were able to undertake some expansion. Like Nantucket Nectars, entrepreneurs like Tom and Tom did can borrow funds from local financial institutions or individuals. Short term borrowings may be in form of overdrafts with limits set by banks and interest charged at variable rates set by the banks. Short term loans may also extend up to a period of three years; such sources of cash do not require much collateral, hence easy access. Before short term lending is extended to firms’, factors such as purpose, amount, repayment period, term and security are considered and ascertained (Pride, William, Robert 2011). As a matter of urgency if deemed so, a company may welcome wealthy individuals who pump money into the business at the exchange of a percentage of shareholding. The sales director of Nantucket nectars advises that mike Egan be allowed to bring in $600,000 for the exchange with 50% of the company. Out of the companies profits it can decide to plough back some amount to grow the business in form of retained earnings. Though this means has a direct impact on dividends since it reduces the amount earned by shareholders hence they may complain (Pride, William, Robert 2011). Retained earnings are attractive sources of cashing in since managers think they don’t cost anything, it is at their discretion to make dividend decisions. Also retained earnings as opposed to issuing new shares help the firm to evade issue costs and this method also helps the management avoid change of control. Another factor which facilitates the consideration of retained earnings is the financial and taxation levels of the existing shareholders. If due to taxation, they would receive capital profit realizable only during taxation of shares sold than receive current income then retained earnings is preferred to other methods. Businesses can still cash in