Child Trafficking Essay Example for Free

Child Trafficking Essay A child is a young human being who is not yet an adult. It also defines trafficking as an act of buying and selling things illegally. So, child trafficking is an inhuman act where children are being used unjustly as objects of business transaction. Boys and girls are involved but girls are mostly involved as victims. They are taken from their parents by the trafficker who with deceitful words promises the girl’s parent’s heaven and earth for instance that she will send them to school or that she has a business in abroad like a saloon where the girls can work for few months and establish theirs. Parents who are living in the villages are the ones they use to go to, because most of them are unable to afford both material and financial needs of all their children. Such parents have no alternative than giving out their child\children who maybe in their teens to the lady who pretended to be good. Despite all these government can still work on this heavily by the following: Firstly, government should declare free education in every school that is the school owned by the government maybe to the secondary school level. By so doing, parents will not have the excuse of giving out their children to someone else to take care of them. Secondly, government should see to duly paying of workers’ salaries at the end of each month and not leaving them empty handed at the end of the month because they need money to solve the problems facing them in the family and also to prevent them from exposing their children to those heartless human beings that use children illegally to make money. The last but not the least is that the parliamentary arm of government should sit together with the support of the president, make laws for children against abuse and intimidation. Also the judiciary arm should be strict in punishing anybody found exhibiting the act of child trafficking

Corporation Tax and the Harberger General Equilibrium Model Essay

A corporation can be defined as firstly having limited liability, where its owners, the shareholders, are not required to use their personal assets to pay the debts of a failed company; thus the owners and the corporation are separate legal entities. Secondly a corporation has delegated management where the decisions of how the company is run, are left to the managers whom are separate from the owners. Finally the owners of the corporation can easily transfer their share of ownership through the exchanges in the financial markets. The tax on a company’s profits which is the difference between the company’s gross income and its business costs is thus called the corporation tax. Now it may appear that as the tax is on the profits of the company and so the company must pay the tax, however there are many individuals such as the employees, consumers and owners on whom the corporation tax can be passed on too. I will look at the Harberger general equilibrium model, which analyses the incidence of the corporation tax by splitting the US economy into two sectors, the corporate and the non-corporate, which produce goods X and Y respectively. There are several assumptions made in the model which are that there is full employment, and after the tax, if initial prices continue to prevail, then government would just counterbalance the reduction in private expenditure on the two goods. There is also free mobility of factors across sectors, competitive markets and constant returns to scale, as well as a closed economy and free mobility of factors across sectors. It is also assumed that the redistribution of income among consumers will not change the patterns of demand. The analysis by Harberger shows that there are several variables wh... ...us allows for the corporate returns to recover to a point of equilibrium in the long run where the returns in the two industries are at a lower but equal rate. If the results of Harbenger are to be believed, where owners of capital bear the full or close to the full burden of the tax, then there should be cause for concern for countries implementing high levels of corporation tax. This is because there is a global trend for increasingly higher levels of capital mobility. Therefore, owners of capital would be able to somewhat avoid the tax burden by avoiding countries with high capital tax rates, and thus restricting the flow of capital to those countries. However, given the large number of variables which need to be taken into account when determining the incidence of the corporate tax it is still not completely clear who bears the incidence of the corporate tax.

Concept of Management Audit

The Concept of Management Audit The management audit is more recent concept. It focuses on results, evaluating the effectiveness and suitability of controls by challenging underlying rules, procedures and methods. Management audits, which are generally performed internally, are compliance audits plus cause-and-effect analysis. Management audit requires some additional work. It is a systematic technique of evaluating the operation and effectiveness of the management of a firm.This audit is conducted by an independent auditor or auditing firm, who are experts in auditing. This is done yearly or periodically. The audit team collects as many facts and information from office records and personal interviews with the personnel of the firm. The team also collects data through questionnaires distributed among the personnel and customers and/or clients of the firm. The team shall submit recommendations to the management for future actions.Management may use these recommendations for controlli ng the performance and accomplishments of the firm. According to Ferlyn L. Suvillaga â€Å"it is a systematic assessment of methods and policies of an organization’s management in the administration and the use of resources and other more. † From the response of Loria Lyn M. Fernandez â€Å"management audit is audit itself but instead of in accounts, it deals with the management. As explained by Rancy Mendoza â€Å"it is the process of determining the individual or group performance in an organization or business. † Based on the statement of Ivey Anne Muncada â€Å"it is a systematic assessment of company’s organizational policies and administration. † After reading a very reliable references, the researcher finally realized that management audit is very important, whether to organization, company or firm. It also requires some additional work because without work we cannot perform such management audit.

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 0 Background Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a type of devices that can be used as a DC motor speed controller or light dimmer. PWM is used extensively for speed controller where power-saving application is needed. This device has been used as a motor speed control for small DC fans, for example in computer power supplies. A PWM circuits works by creating a square wave with a variable on-to-off ratio, the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 duty cycle.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of ‘on' time to the regular interval or ‘period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. From this, a variable amount of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When the switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no vol tage drop across the switch.Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. Additional advantage of PWM is that the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistance easily. 1. 1 Objectives The objectives of this project are: 1.To develop the actual circuit of the PWM. 2. To simulate the PWM circuit in simulation software. 3. To use the PWM in order to control the speed of the DC motor. 1. 2 Methodology Start Title consideration, ideas Supervisor approval Components specifications and data sheets Proposal Drafting Proposal Evaluation Project Simulation Project Presentation Progress Report Submission END Figure 1. 2. 1 Flowchart of Methodology 1. 3 Gantt Chart 1. 3. 1 Final Year Project 1 | WEEKS|ACTIVITY| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 1 2| 13| 14| 1| Student-supervisor-panel allocation, briefing about FYP, introductions|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 2| Student-supervisor meeting arrange time, finding ideas discuss ideas, project titles|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 3| Student-supervisor regular meeting|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 4| Proposal preparation|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 5| Proposal evaluation, meet supervisor for evaluation, things to be improved|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 6| Proposal correction correct any mistakes|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 7| Project Development choose circuit, check availability simulation|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 8| Proposal and progress presentation|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 9| Progress report writing is based on progress|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 10| Progress report submission submit report|   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 1. 3. 2 Final Year Project 2 Week| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| Tasks| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Buy Components |   |   |   |   | | | | | | | | | | | Construct circuiton breadboard | | |   |   |   | | | | | | | | | | Troubleshoot| | |   |   |   | |   |   | | | | | | | PCB Layout Design| | | | | |   | | |   | | | | | | PCB Layout Print| | | | | | | | | |   |   | | | | Soldering| | | | | |   |   |   | | | | | | | Final Report| | | | | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Final Presentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. 3. 2. 1 Aims for Final Year Project 2 1. Prepare the actual circuit diagram 2. Building and programming the PCB circuit diagram 3.Drilling the PCB and soldering the components 4. Testing the PWM circuit 5. Troubleshoot 1. 3. 2. 2 Project planning for Final Year Project 2 For the final year project 2, we have to prepare the actual circuit based on our simulation result. We will create the PCB artwork with PCB programming such as ExpressPCB, which is available for free and is surprisingly functional. Next, we have to print out the PCB artwork on a transparency. Then we cut out the printed portion of the artwork. This will define the size and shape of the PCB.To make PCBs, we can use the UV exposure method, which is only slightly more difficult than and significantly more precise than the toner transfer method. To start out, we must cut the PCB to be the same size as the outline of the PCB positive. First, we drew a rectangle the same dimensions of the PCB on the protective layer of UV Reactiv e copper covered ibreglass board, and then cut it out using a Dremel tool equipped with a diamond wheel. We have to make sure that once we have removed the board from its protective package it will not be exposed to any UV.Fluorescent and halogen lights both output enough UV light that they will expose the board through the protective layer of plastic. Next, after we cut the UV sensitive PCB to size, we are ready to expose the board. Then we remove the protective layer to size, from the PCB right before we place the positive on it, or else dust particles will attach to the board, which will mark the final PCB. To expose the PCB, first remove the protective layer, place the positive transparency on top of the board, and place it in the UV exposure box. An exposure time of 10-11 minutes is recommended.Now we need to drill holes in the PCB for the through-hole components. Finally, we have to solder all the components through-hole components. If the final result is not achieved when tes ting the final circuit, we have to run troubleshooting and find out the problem. Then, we solved the problem based on the troubleshooting after we identify the real problem. Chapter 2 Circuit Design and Operation 2. 1 Schematic diagram Figure 2. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) To Control DC Motor Speed. 2. 2 Circuit operation 2. 2. 1 Flow Chart and Description Input Signal DC wave) ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Square wave) LM311 Comparator Potentiometer ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Modulated Square wave) IRF 521 DC Motor Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 Circuit Operation Flowchart The input signal is fed into first half of IC NE556. The IC NE556 will generate square wave. The wave will then go to the second half of IC NE556 and been modulated. Potentiometer will control the second half IC to produce the desired output. A modulated square will be generated from the second IC. This wave of current will be amplified by IRF521 and then went to the motor and spin it.The DC motor speed will depends on the magnitude of the current. Chapter 3 Project Progress 3. 0 The Project Progress and the Project Outcomes The first stage of the progress is building the circuit for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit. Then, the best circuit diagram is chosen for our project. A preliminary literature review about our circuit had also been done. In this project, two of the LM556, Dual 556 Timer TTL IC were used to simulate the PWM circuit. The first IC allowed the possibility to generate square wave while the second IC allow modulation variation.Other than that, several problems were encountered when simulating some part of the circuit. This is due to incomplete library component of the simulation software such as the lack of LM556 IC in the first place. This was because the wrong type of licence of the software was selected. After a few trials and some changes of the circuit diagram for simulation, and with the right licence for the software, the PWM circuit was successfully simulated. Figure 1. 1 Expected DC square wave (output) Results Input Signal of 1st half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556Calculation from theory: Thigh= 0. 7(RA+RC)C Thigh= 0. 7(1M+1K) (0. 05 µ) = 0. 035s/35ms Tlow= 0. 7 RB C Tlow= 0. 7 (1K) (0. 05 µ) = 3. 5Ãâ€"10-5s/ 0. 035 ms Values from simulation: Thigh= 38ms Tlow= 42  µs/ 0. 042 m Input Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half IC NE556 (A=0%, B=0%) (A=0%, B=10%) (A=0%, B=50%) (A=0% B=100%) Calculation from theory: Thigh= 1. 1 RA C Rated Current From Simulation (A=0%, B=0%)I=45. 842mA(A=0%, B=10%)I=132. 953mA (A=0%, B=50%)I=406. 541mA(A=0% B=100%)I=4. 121A Table of Motor Speed Slow| Speed| Fast| 0%| Value of Potentiometer B| 100%| 0. 2077ms| T high (ON time)| 7. l79ms| 132. 95mA| Rated Current| 4. 121A| 12V| Rated Voltage (Constant)| 12V| Since voltage is constant, the higher the current supplied, the faster the motor would spin. Chapter 4 4. 0 The Problems Encountered CASE 1 – FIND ING SUITABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARE The PWM circuit uses two of LM556 IC. The first LM556 will convert DC input signal into square wave. Before doing the hardware of the project, the software need to be simulated first to check whether the circuit diagram is correct or need some adjustment.Because of this, finding the suitable simulation software had become a problem encounter to finish the project. List below show example name of other simulation software that can be used to run any the software simulation for the project; 1. TINA 2. OrCAD Capture 3. PROTEUS All of the other simulation software above can be use to run the simulation for this project but some of them were not suitable. As an example the TINA software were not used because of the unfamiliarity and the complexity of the software.The project also cannot be simulated using the OrCAD Capture since there were a large number of library which does not have simulation installed. This make it unsuitable since this project requir ed to be simulated. Meanwhile PROTEUS software was not used because of the difficult interface that complicate the user or in other words not user-friendly. CASE 2 – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE After MULTISIM had been installed, a situation was encountered where the library components are not complete or some of the components are not available.If this problem prolonged, the circuit cannot be designed in the software. Some measures had been taken to find the solution but the problems still persist. There are some types of licence that accompanied for MULTISIM, which are: 1Power PRO Edition 2Full Edition 3Student Edition 4Education PKG Edition 5Base Edition At first, the Full Edition licence was installed. When the circuit was being designed, a lot of components were unavailable. Every aspect of the software was checked, but no problem related to the software was detected. The MULTISIM software was cleanly installed in the computer. . 1 Solutions for Every Problem CAS E 1 SOLUTION – USE MULTISIM SOFTWARE The simulation can be done by using simulation programmed like TINA, Proteus, or OrCAD Capture. Unfortunately, all of these simulation programmed mentioned above have problems as explained before. Without a proper simulation, it is hard to detect any problems that exist in the design of the circuit. Finally, MULTISIM is chosen as the simulation program. MULTISIM was suitable for simulation of the Pulse Width Modulation circuit. MULTISIM has all the required components in its component library.Hence, all the components can be place in the circuit to complete it. Simulation can be done easily by using MULTISIM. All the results being cleared by using this programmed. Expected results are the PWM wave which will control the motor. CASE 2 SOLUTION – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE This problem was easily encountered by reinstalling licence of the right type. In this case, PowerPro Edition licence type was required. After it has been reinstalled, all the components are unlocked. Hence, the process of designing the circuit in the simulation software continued, and simulation process succeed.Chapter 5 Conclusion For this semester, the project progress was successful until the simulation. Hence, the simulation needs to be done correctly according to the circuit so that expected result can be obtained. The circuit diagram for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed has been successfully designed. Thus, the first objective has been achieved. The progress of the project works efficiently if the project followed accordingly to the Gantt chart made at the beginning of the project. The Gantt chart contains all the important steps that need to be followed in rder to finish the project successfully. All the steps in the Gantt chart been mentioned with respective date. Hence, there should be no problem during Final Year Project 1 when all works were being done according directly to the Gantt chart. The simulation for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed had been done by using simulation program, MULTISIM. MULTISIM provides all the necessary components to complete the simulation for the PWM circuit. Since the output should be a DC motor or a DC fan, it was replaced with Oscilloscope or Multimeter to observe the changes that occur in the simulation.This shows that choosing MULTISIM is the smart choice to run the simulation because of the advantages and the ease of use that this simulation program has. REFERENCES 1. Motor Speed Controller, retrieved from http://homepages. which. net/~paul. hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody. html 2. 4QD-TEC: Electronics Circuits Reference Archive : PWM speed control, retrieved from http://www. 4qdtec. com/pwm-01. html 3. PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer, retrieved from http://www. solorb. com/elect/solarcirc/pwm1/ 4. PWM DC Motor Controller, retrieved from http://picprojects. org. uk/projects/ppc/index. htm

Problem with the Pledge essays

Problem with the Pledge essays The Pledge of Allegiance is spoken daily in many schools throughout the United States. During the last several years this fact has become a source of contempt for many parents, who do not promote a particular religious belief in their homes. Reciting wording specific to a particular set of religious beliefs has recently caused some problems concerning constitutional validity, the ideals of our founding fathers, and even the basic reasons for the pledge to exist, however there is a simple solution, that could satisfy all Americans, whether they question the wording under God, or not. The words first known as the pledge of allegiance are now simply a base for the current pledge. This base was first published in honor of the 400th anniversary of Columbus Day. In the fall of 1892 children began to recite the unperfected version of the recitation that is now familiar to all Americans. There was no mention of God; in fact God was not mentioned through several revisions. After fifteen failed attempts by Congress to change the wording, during the Cold War Dwight Eisenhower attended a sermon given by Reverend George Docherty. Reverend Docherty belittled the Pledge of that time saying it could be the pledge of any republic (). The president agreed with Reverend Dochertys sentiments and three days later a bill was proposed. Five months later the words under God were added in a joint session of the House and Senate. The underlying currents of anti-communism and anti-atheistic were present during the speech when President Eisenhower said that We shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war (). Pope John Paul II stated after the last change that the pledge had become a patriotic oath and public prayer. The words under God were put in specifically to make clear the American stand...

Learn How to Conjugate Quitter (to Leave) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Quitter (to Leave) in French You might think that the verb  quitter  means to quit in French and you would be partially right. This verb can also mean to leave, to go, or to give up. Its a very useful word that covers many situations, so adding it to your French vocabulary is a good idea. The catch is that to use  quitter  in proper French grammar, you need to learn its conjugations. While that may seem scary to some students, this one is relatively easy and well give you the essentials you need. The Basic Conjugations of  Quitter   Among all the French verb conjugations,  quitter  falls into the largest category. These are the  regular -er verbs  and you can apply anything you learned while studying others of this sort to form the conjugations of  quitter. With any conjugation, begin by finding the verbs radical (or stem). For  quitter, that is  quitt-. You will then add the appropriate ending that matches both the subject pronoun and the tense you want to use it in. For example,  I am quitting is  je quitte  and we will leave is  nous quittions. Practice these anytime you see someone leave or quit anything for a few days and theyll be easier to remember. Present Future Imperfect je quitte quitterai quittais tu quittes quitteras quittais il quitte quittera quittait nous quittons quitterons quittions vous quittez quitterez quittiez ils quittent quitteront quittaient The Present Participle of  Quitter As with most regular verbs, the present participle is formed by simply adding -ant to the radical. This results in the word quittant, which may also be used as an adjective or noun in the right context. Quitter  in the Compound Past Tense The passà © composà © is a compound past tense that is frequently used in French. To form it, youll need to conjugate avoir  to the present for the subject before adding the past participle quittà ©. This results in jai quittà © for I left and nous avons quittà © for we left. More Simple Conjugations of  Quitter When someone may or may not leave or quit, you can imply this uncertainty with  the subjunctive.  If, on the other hand, they will only leave or quit if another action occurs, then you will use  the conditional  forms of  quitter. Both  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary tenses, so theyre most often found in written French. While you may not need to use them, you should be able to read them. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je quitte quitterais quittai quittasse tu quittes quitterais quittas quittasses il quitte quitterait quitta quittt nous quittions quitterions quittmes quittassions vous quittiez quitteriez quitttes quittassiez ils quittent quitteraient quittrent quittassent A very useful verb mood for a word like  quitter,  the French imperative  allows you to say things such as Quit! or Leave! without any formality. Feel free to drop the subject pronoun and simply say, Quittons ! Imperative (tu) quitte (nous) quittons (vous) quittez

Nantucket Nectars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nantucket Nectars - Essay Example Another source of short term finance is life savings. Tom and Tom with their lifetime savings of $17,000 were able to undertake some expansion. Like Nantucket Nectars, entrepreneurs like Tom and Tom did can borrow funds from local financial institutions or individuals. Short term borrowings may be in form of overdrafts with limits set by banks and interest charged at variable rates set by the banks. Short term loans may also extend up to a period of three years; such sources of cash do not require much collateral, hence easy access. Before short term lending is extended to firms’, factors such as purpose, amount, repayment period, term and security are considered and ascertained (Pride, William, Robert 2011). As a matter of urgency if deemed so, a company may welcome wealthy individuals who pump money into the business at the exchange of a percentage of shareholding. The sales director of Nantucket nectars advises that mike Egan be allowed to bring in $600,000 for the exchange with 50% of the company. Out of the companies profits it can decide to plough back some amount to grow the business in form of retained earnings. Though this means has a direct impact on dividends since it reduces the amount earned by shareholders hence they may complain (Pride, William, Robert 2011). Retained earnings are attractive sources of cashing in since managers think they don’t cost anything, it is at their discretion to make dividend decisions. Also retained earnings as opposed to issuing new shares help the firm to evade issue costs and this method also helps the management avoid change of control. Another factor which facilitates the consideration of retained earnings is the financial and taxation levels of the existing shareholders. If due to taxation, they would receive capital profit realizable only during taxation of shares sold than receive current income then retained earnings is preferred to other methods. Businesses can still cash in